讀寫障礙 (Dyslexia)
編輯歷史
| 時間 | 作者 | 版本 |
|---|---|---|
| 2017-07-12 04:40 – 05:20 | r0 – r2 | |
顯示 diff+ 讀寫障礙 (Dyslexia)
+ <名人名病> (此部分為趣聞，不會放在維基本文內)
+ 湯姆克魯斯：「我試著集中注意力，但讀完一頁後，我還是不知道我讀的是什麼...」
+ 湯姆克魯斯7歲就被診斷出閱讀障礙，常常把字母搞混、閱讀速度很慢、連字典都不知從何查起。成為演員後，因為無法透過閱讀劇本來了解劇情，所以只能和導演一直討論片中的情節，進而揣摩角色的心情...
+
+ <!-- 定義與症狀 -->
+ Dyslexia, also known as reading disorder or alexia,[2] is a learning difficulty characterised by trouble reading despite a normalintelligence.[3] Different people are affected to different degrees.[2] Problems may include sounding out words, spelling words,reading quickly, writing words, pronouncing words when reading aloud, and understanding what was read.[2][4] Often these difficulties are first noticed at school.[5] The difficulties are not voluntary and people with this disorder have a normal desire tolearn.[2]
+ <!-- 定義與症狀 -->
+ '''讀寫障礙'''，或稱為'''閱讀障礙'''或是'''失讀症'''（{{lang-en|dylexia、reading disorder、或alexia}}）[2]，是一種學習困難的表現，主要的表徵是即便具有常人的[[智商]]，但對於[[閱讀]]和書寫文字具有困難[2]。症狀的嚴重程度因人而異[1]。其他的症狀包括難以唸出字詞，難以{{link-en|拼出單字|spelling}}，無法專注{{link-en|閱讀|reading}}，難以連續{{link-en|書寫|handwriting}}以及無法在閱讀時清楚唸出字詞，或是無法理解閱讀的內容[2][4]。這些症狀最先往往在學校時發現[5]。這些讀寫上的困難，並不是患者自己可以控制的，讀寫障礙患者對於[[學習]]的渴望，通常與常人並無二致[2]。
+
+ *Reference
+ *[2] "What are reading disorders?". http://www.nichd.nih.gov/. 04/02/2014. Retrieved 15 March 2015. Check date values in:|date= (help)
+ *<ref name=NIH2014Def>{{cite web|url=http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/reading/conditioninfo/pages/disorders.aspx|title=What are reading disorders?|publisher=National Institutes of Health|accessdate=15 March 2015}}</ref>
+ *[3] "Dyslexia Information Page". National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. 12 May 2010. Retrieved 5 July 2010.
+ *<ref name="ninds1">{{cite web |url=http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/dyslexia/dyslexia.htm |title=NINDS Dyslexia Information Page |website=National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke |publisher=National Institutes of Health |date=30 September 2011 |accessdate=29 April 2015}}</ref>
+ *[4] "What are the symptoms of reading disorders?". http://www.nichd.nih.gov/. 2014-02-28. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
+ *<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/reading/conditioninfo/pages/symptoms.aspx|title=What are the symptoms of reading disorders?|publisher=National Institutes of Health|accessdate=15 March 2015}}</ref>
+ *[5] Peterson, RL; Pennington, BF (26 May 2012). "Developmental dyslexia.". Lancet 379 (9830): 1997–2007. PMID 22513218.
+ *<ref name=Lancet2012>{{cite journal|last1=Peterson|first1=RL|last2=Pennington|first2=BF|url=http://pediatrics.uchicago.edu/chiefs/DBP/documents/reading%20pdf/Dyslexia.Peterson.pdf |title=Developmental dyslexia.|journal=Lancet|date=26 May 2012|volume=379|issue=9830|pages=1997–2007|pmid=22513218|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60198-6}}</ref>
+ *{{TOC limit|3}}
+ *[6] "How are reading disorders diagnosed?". http://www.nichd.nih.gov/. 2014-02-28. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
+ *<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/reading/conditioninfo/pages/diagnosed.aspx|title=How are reading disorders diagnosed?|publisher=National Institutes of Health|accessdate=15 March 2015}}</ref>
+ *[7] "What are common treatments for reading disorders?". http://www.nichd.nih.gov. 2014-02-28. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
+ *<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/reading/conditioninfo/pages/treatment.aspx|title=What are common treatments for reading disorders?|publisher=National Institutes of Health|accessdate=15 March 2015}}</ref>
+ *[8] Handler, SM; Fierson, WM; Section on, Ophthalmology; Council on Children with, Disabilities; American Academy of, Ophthalmology; American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and, Strabismus; American Association of Certified, Orthoptists (March 2011). "Learning disabilities, dyslexia, and vision.". Pediatrics 127 (3): e818–56. PMID 21357342.
+ *.<ref name=Handler2011>{{cite journal|last1=Handler|first1=SM|last2=Fierson|first2=WM|last3=Section on|first3=Ophthalmology|last4=Council on Children with|first4=Disabilities|last5=American Academy of|first5=Ophthalmology|last6=American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and|first6=Strabismus|last7=American Association of Certified|first7=Orthoptists|title=Learning disabilities, dyslexia, and vision.|journal=Pediatrics|date=March 2011|volume=127|issue=3|pages=e818-56|pmid=21357342|doi=10.1542/peds.2010-3670}}</ref>
+ *[9] Darcy Ann Umphred; Rolando T. Lazaro; Margaret Roller; Gordon Burton (2013). Neurological Rehabilitation. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 383. ISBN 978-0-323-26649-9.
+ *<ref name="UmphredLazaro2013m">{{cite book|author1=Darcy Ann Umphred|author2=Rolando T. Lazaro|author3=Margaret Roller|author4=Gordon Burton|title=Neurological Rehabilitation|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=lVJPAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA383|year=2013|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-323-26649-9|page=383}}</ref>
+ *[10] Kooij, J. J. Sandra (2013). Adult ADHD diagnostic assessment and treatment (3rd ed. ed.). London: Springer. p. 83. ISBN 9781447141389.
+ *<ref name=Koo2013>{{cite book|last1=Kooij|first1=J. J. Sandra|title=Adult ADHD diagnostic assessment and treatment|date=2013|publisher=Springer|location=London|isbn=9781447141389|page=83|edition=3rd ed.|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=JM_awX-mSPoC&pg=PA83}}</ref>
+ *[11] "How many people are affected by/at risk for reading disorders?". http://www.nichd.nih.gov/. 2014-02-28. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
+ *<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/reading/conditioninfo/pages/risk.aspx|title=How many people are affected by/at risk for reading disorders?|publisher=National Institutes of Health|accessdate=15 March 2015}}</ref>
+
+
+ <!-- 病因、機制、及診斷 -->
+ The cause of dyslexia is believed to involve both genetic and environmental factors.[5] Some cases run in families.[2] It occurs more often in people with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and is associated with problems with math.[5] When the condition begins in adults it may be the result of a traumatic brain injury, stroke, or dementia.[3] The underlying mechanism involves problems with the brain's processing of language.[2] Diagnosis is by a series of tests of a person's memory, spelling, ability to see, and reading skills.[6] It is separate from reading difficulties due to poor teaching, or hearing or vision problems.[5]
+ <!-- 病因、機制及診斷 -->
+ 一般認為，先天[[基因]]因素與後天環境因素，都同時是造成讀寫困難的原因[5]。有些則看似與家族史相關[2]。罹患[[注意力不足過動症|注意力失調症]]（{{lang-en|attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD}}）的患者，通常也較容易發生讀寫障礙，且往往{{link-en|難以處理數學學科|dyscalculia|算術障礙}}[5]。如果成人開始出現相關症狀，也許是{{link-en|腦部創傷|Traumatic brain injury}}、[[中風]]或[[失智症]]所導致[3]。相關的病理機制與大腦處理語言的過程有關[2]。診斷過程包括了檢測患者的記憶、拼字能力、視力和閱讀技巧等[6]。診斷的過程中需先排除因為未受[[閱讀教育]]或閱讀教育品質不良所導致的閱讀困難，或是患者可能具有的視聽障礙[5]。
+
+
+ <!-- 治療及流行病學-->
+ Treatment usually involves adjusting teaching methods to meet the persons needs.[3] While this does not cure the underlying problem difficulties can be lessened.[7] Treatments aimed at vision are not effective.[8] Dyslexia is the most common learning disability.[9] It affects about 3% to 7% of people.[10][5] While it is diagnosed more often in males,[5] some believed it affects males and females equally.[9] Up to 20% of the population may have some degree of symptoms.[11] Dyslexia occurs in all areas of the world.[5]
+ <!-- 治療及流行病學-->
+ 治療通常包括了依據患者的需求，調整教學的方法[3]。即便這無法治療造成疾病的原因，但讀寫困難的情況會有所改善[7]。對於視力的治療並不奏效[8]。讀寫障礙是最常見的[[學習障礙]][9]，在一般族群中，影響3%~7%的人[5][10]。常見確診為男性患者[5]，但部分研究認為讀寫障礙並無性別差異[9]。在一般的族群中，也有將近20%的人有程度不一的症狀[11]。讀寫障礙也並無地緣差異[5]。
+
+ *
+
+ Blurring and doubling are two common types of visual stress experienced by dyslexics.[1]
+ 閱讀障礙者眼中的書籍文字，常為模糊不清或失去焦點的景象
+ *Reference
+ *[1] "Eyes And Dyslexia". British Dyslexia Association. Retrieved 5 February 2015.
+ *
+ 20150613 已整合至中文維基百科失讀症
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