墮胎/ Abortion
編輯歷史
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| 2017-07-17 16:23 | r2 | |
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| 2017-07-12 07:09 – 07:09 | r0 – r1 | |
顯示 diff+ 墮胎/ Abortion
+ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Medicine/Translation_task_force/RTT/Simple_abortion
+
+ Abortion is the ending of pregnancy by the removal or forcing out from the womb of a fetus or embryo before it is able to survive on its own. An abortion can occur spontaneously, in which case it is often called a miscarriage. It can also be purposely caused in which case it is known as an induced abortion. The term abortion most commonly refers to the induced abortion of a human pregnancy. The similar procedure after the fetus may be able to survive on its own is medically known as a "late termination of pregnancy".[2]
+
+ '''墮胎'''（abortion），又稱'''人工流產'''，或是'''誘導性流產'''（Induced abortion）。指的是在[[胚胎]]或[[胎兒]]自己能存活之前，以切除或強制的手段移出[[子宮]]的方式，終止[[懷孕]]狀態。相對的，自然發生的中止懷孕現象則通常稱為[[流產]]（miscarriage）。而如果在胎兒已經可以自行存活的時候做類似的程序，在醫學上稱為「晚期中止妊娠」（late termination of pregnancy, LTOP）或晚期墮胎（late-term abortion）[2]。
+
+ *References:
+ *1. "World Abortion Policies 2013" (PDF). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
+ *2. Grimes, DA; Stuart, G (2010). "Abortion jabberwocky: the need for better terminology". Contraception 81 (2): 93–6. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2009.09.005. PMID 20103443.
+ *第一句我會翻成「終止妊娠指的是胚胎在能獨立生存前就因為自然或人為原因移出子宮，進而造成懷孕的結束。自然發生的終止妊娠常被稱為「流產(or小產)」，而人工的終止妊娠則又被稱作墮胎。」
+ *有關abortion一詞只譯為"墮胎"是否需要思考一下呢?該詞具有"流產"(包括自然與人工流產、指的是胎齡未滿18週或五百公克無法在子宮外成長分娩出、墮胎一詞指的是將一般正常懷孕狀態結束前予以中止。從"An abortion can occur spontaneously”此句應可判斷、標題"ABORTiON"應包括所謂"自然流產"(miscarriage)意思。因此是否譯為"流產‧墮胎"
+ *有關前半翻譯、同意Kenvin的意見。
+
+ <!--方法-->
+
+ Modern medicine uses medications or surgical methods for induced abortion. The two medications mifepristone and prostaglandin are as effective as a surgical method in the first trimester.[3][4] While the use of medications may be effective in the second trimester,[5] surgical methods appear to have a lower risk of side effects.[4] Birth control, including the pill and intrauterine devices can be started immediately after an abortion.[4] Abortion in the developed world has a long history of being among the safest procedures in medicine when allowed by local law.[6][7]Uncomplicated abortions do not cause either long term mental health or physical problems.[8] The World Health Organization recommends that this same level of safe and legal abortions be available to all women globally.[9]Unsafe abortions, however, result in approximately 47,000 maternal deaths[8] and 5 million hospital admissions per year globally.[10]
+
+ 現代醫學藉由藥物或手術來誘發流產。在{{le|第一孕期|first trimester}}（孕期的前三個月），有兩種藥物和手術一樣有效，分別是{{le|RU486|mifepristone}}和{{le|前列腺素|prostaglandin}} [3][4]。而在{{le|第二孕期|second trimester}}（孕期第三到第六個月），雖然使用藥物仍能有效導致流產[5]，但使用手術產生後遺症的風險較低[4]。在墮胎後可以立即開始使用{{le|[複合口服避孕藥|the pill }}以及{{le|子宮避孕器| intrauterine devices}}{{le|避孕|Birth control}} [4]。在{{le|已開發國家|developed world}}中，{{le|藉由醫學達成安全| among the safest procedures in medicine}}且{{le|合法| local law}}的墮胎已行之有年[6][7]。單純的墮胎並不會造成長期心理衛生或身體的問題[8]。{{le|世界衛生組織| World Health Organization}}提倡全世界的婦女都應該享有一樣好的安全合法墮胎方式[9]。話雖如此，{{le|不安全的墮胎|Unsafe abortions}}每年在全球，仍造成大約47,000例的{{le|產婦死亡|maternal deaths}}及約500萬名產婦住院[10]。
+
+
+ *References:
+ *3. Kulier, R; Kapp, N; Gülmezoglu, AM; Hofmeyr, GJ; Cheng, L; Campana, A (Nov 9, 2011). "Medical methods for first trimester abortion.". The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (11): CD002855. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002855.pub4. PMID 22071804.
+ *4. a b c Kapp, N; Whyte, P; Tang, J; Jackson, E; Brahmi, D (Sep 2013). "A review of evidence for safe abortion care.". Contraception 88 (3): 350–63.doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2012.10.027. PMID 23261233.
+ *5. Wildschut, H; Both, MI; Medema, S; Thomee, E; Wildhagen, MF; Kapp, N (Jan 19, 2011). "Medical methods for mid-trimester termination of pregnancy.". The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (1): CD005216. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005216.pub2. PMID 21249669.
+ *6. Grimes, D. A.; Benson, J.; Singh, S.; Romero, M.; Ganatra, B.; Okonofua, F. E.; Shah, I. H. (2006). "Unsafe abortion: The preventable pandemic" (PDF). The Lancet 368 (9550): 1908–1919. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69481-6. PMID 17126724.
+ *7. Raymond, EG; Grossman, D; Weaver, MA; Toti, S; Winikoff, B (Nov 2014). "Mortality of induced abortion, other outpatient surgical procedures and common activities in the United States.".Contraception 90 (5): 476–479. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2014.07.012. PMID 25152259.
+ *8. a b Lohr, P. A.; Fjerstad, M.; Desilva, U.; Lyus, R. (2014). "Abortion". BMJ 348: f7553. doi:10.1136/bmj.f7553.
+ *9. a b Organization, World Health (2012). Safe abortion: technical and policy guidance for health systems (PDF) (2nd ed. ed.). Geneva: World Health Organization. p. 8.ISBN 9789241548434.
+ *10. Shah, I.; Ahman, E. (December 2009). "Unsafe abortion: global and regional incidence, trends, consequences, and challenges" (PDF). Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada 31(12): 1149–58. PMID 20085681.
+ *
+
+ <!--流行病學-->
+
+ An estimated 44 million abortions are performed globally each year, with slightly under half of those performed unsafely.[11] Rates of abortions have changed little between 2003 and 2008,[11] after having previously spent decades declining as access to education regarding family planning and birth control improved.[12] As of 2008, forty percent of the world's women had access to legal induced abortions "without restriction as to reason".[13] There are; however, limits regarding how far along in pregnant they can be performed.[13]
+
+ 根據估計，每年全球墮胎案例有4400萬，將近一半是在不安全的情況下施行[11]。在接受了幾十年重視[[家庭計畫]]的教育，和[[生育控制]]技術提升之後[12]，墮胎率在2003年到2008年之間有微幅下降[12]。截至2008年，全世界有40%的女性可以在「無理由限制」的情況下合法進行人工流產。然而，懷孕之後何時可以進行人工流產的限制仍然存在[13]。
+
+ *References:
+ *11. Sedgh, G.; Singh, S.; Shah, I. H.; Åhman, E.; Henshaw, S. K.; Bankole, A. (2012). "Induced abortion: Incidence and trends worldwide from 1995 to 2008" (PDF). The Lancet 379(9816): 625–632. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61786-8. PMID 22264435.
+ *12. Sedgh G, Henshaw SK, Singh S, Bankole A, Drescher J (September 2007). "Legal abortion worldwide: incidence and recent trends". Int Fam Plan Perspect 33 (3): 106–116.doi:10.1363/ifpp.33.106.07. PMID 17938093.
+ *13. a b Culwell KR, Vekemans M, de Silva U, Hurwitz M (July 2010). "Critical gaps in universal access to reproductive health: Contraception and prevention of unsafe abortion". International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 110: S13–16. doi:10.1016/j.ijgo.2010.04.003. PMID 20451196.
+ *.
+ *
+ <!--社會觀感-->
+
+ Induced abortion has a long history. They have been performed by various methods, including herbal medicines, the use of sharpened tools, physical trauma, and other traditional methods since ancient times.[14] The laws surrounding abortion, how frequently they are performed, and their cultural and religious status vary a great deal around the world. In some contexts, abortion is legal based on specific conditions, such as incest, rape, problems with the fetus, socioeconomic factors or the risk to a mother's health.[15] In many parts of the world there is prominent public controversy over the moral, ethical, and legal issues of abortion. Those who are against abortion generally state that an embryo or fetus is a human with the right to life and may compare abortion to murder.[16][17] Those who support abortion rights emphasize a woman's right to decide matters concerning her own body[18] as well as emphasizing human rights generally.[9]
+
+ 墮胎的{{en-link|墮胎史|History of abortion|歷史}}相當悠久。自古以來，一直以來流傳有許多方式執行，包含[[草藥]]、利用尖銳工具、人為創傷，以及其他傳統方法[14]。關於墮胎的法律規範、執行的頻率、和它背後的文化種族意涵在世界各處都不盡相同。墮胎在某些特殊情況下是合法的，例如因亂倫、強暴而懷孕、胎兒本身有異常、社會經濟因素、或是危及母體健康[15]。世界上許多地方，關於墮胎的道德、倫理以及合法性等議題仍存在公開而激烈的爭論。反對墮胎者大多認為胚胎或胎兒為具有生存權的人類，墮胎等同於[[謀殺]][16][17]。而支持墮胎權的人則強調母親有決定自己人身健康的權利，以及強調普遍的[[人權]]。
+
+
+ *References:
+ *14. Joffe, Carole (2009). "1. Abortion and medicine: A sociopolitical history". In MPaul, ES Lichtenberg, L Borgatta, DA Grimes, PG Stubblefield, MD Creinin. Management of Unintended and Abnormal Pregnancy (PDF) (1st ed.). Oxford, United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ISBN 978-1-4443-1293-5. Archived from the original on 21 October 2011.
+ *15. Boland, R.; Katzive, L. (2008). "Developments in Laws on Induced Abortion: 1998–2007". International Family Planning Perspectives 34 (3): 110–120. doi:10.1363/ifpp.34.110.08.PMID 18957353.
+ *16. Pastor Mark Driscoll (18 October 2013). "What do 55 million people have in common?". Fox News. Retrieved 2 July 2014.
+ *17. Dale Hansen (18 March 2014). "Abortion: Murder, or Medical Procedure?". Huffington Post. Retrieved 2 July 2014.
+ *18. Sifris, Ronli Noa (2013). Reproductive Freedom, Torture and International Human Rights Challenging the Masculinisation of Torture. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. p. 3.ISBN 9781135115227.
+ 2015-11-17 已整合中文維基百科「堕胎 」的引言頁面
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