先天性心臟病（Congenital heart defect）
編輯歷史
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| 2017-07-17 16:28 – 16:28 | r0 – r1 | |
顯示 diff+ 先天性心臟病（Congenital heart defect）
+ 英文引言：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Medicine/Translation_task_force/RTT/Simple_congenital_heart_defect
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+ Congenital heart defect (CHD), also known as a congenital heart anomaly or congenital heart disease, is a problem in the structure of the heart that is present at birth.[2] Signs and symptoms depend on the specific type of problem.[3] Symptoms can vary from none to life threatening.[2] When present they may include rapid breathing, bluish skin, poor weight gain, and feeling tired.[4] It does not cause chest pain.[4] Most congenital heart problems do not occur with other diseases.[3] Complications that can result from heart defects include heart failure.[4]
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+ The cause of a congenital heart defect is often unknown.[5] Certain cases may be due to infections during pregnancy such as rubella, use of certain medications or drugs such asalcohol or tobacco, parents being closely related, or poor nutritional status or obesity in the mother.[3][6] Having a parent with a congenital heart defect is also a risk factor.[7] A number of genetic conditions are associated with heart defects including Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, and Marfan syndrome.[3] Congenital heart defects are divided into two main groups: cyanotic heart defects and non-cyanotic heart defects, depending on whether the child has the potential to turn bluish in color.[3] The problems may involve the interior walls of the heart, the heart valves, or the large blood vessels that lead to and from the heart.[2]
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+ Congenital heart defects are partly preventable through rubella vaccination, the adding ofiodine to salt, and the adding of folic acid to certain food products.[3] Some defects do not need treatment.[2] Other may be effectively treated with catheter based procedures or heart surgery.[8] Occationally a number of operations may be needed.[8] Occationally heart transplantation is required.[8] With appropriate treatment outcomes, even with complex problems, are generally good.[2]
+ Heart defects are the most common birth defect.[9][3] In 2013 they were present in 34.3 million people globally.[9] They affect between 4 and 75 per 1,000 live births depending upon how they are diagnosed.[3][7] About 6 to 19 per 1,000 cause a moderate to severe degree of problems.[7] Congenital heart defects are the leading cause of birth defect-related deaths.[3] In 2013 they resulted in 323,000 deaths down from 366,000 deaths in 1990.[10]
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+ *Hoffman JI, Kaplan S (June 2002). "The incidence of congenital heart disease". J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 39 (12): 1890–900. doi:10.1016/S0735-1097(02)01886-7. PMID 12084585.
+ * "What Are Congenital Heart Defects?". National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. July 1, 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2015.
+ * Shanthi Mendis; Pekka Puska; Bo Norrving; World Health Organization (2011). Global Atlas on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Control (PDF). World Health Organization in collaboration with the World Heart Federation and the World Stroke Organization. pp. 3, 60.ISBN 978-92-4-156437-3.
+ *^"What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Congenital Heart Defects?". National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. July 1, 2011. Retrieved10 August 2015.
+ * "What Causes Congenital Heart Defects?". National,Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. July 1, 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2015.
+ *Dean, SV; Lassi, ZS; Imam, AM; Bhutta, ZA (26 September 2014). "Preconception care: nutritional risks and interventions.". Reproductive health. 11 Suppl 3: S3. PMID 25415364.
+ *^ 移至：a b c Milunsky, Aubrey (2011). "1". Genetic Disorders and the Fetus: Diagnosis, Prevention and Treatment. John Wiley & Sons.ISBN 9781444358216.
+ *^ 移至：a b c "How Are Congenital Heart Defects Treated?". National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. July 1, 2011. Retrieved 10 August 2015.
+ *^ 移至：a b Global Burden of Disease Study 2013, Collaborators (7 June 2015). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013". Lancet (London, England). doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60692-4. PMID 26063472.
+ *移至^ GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators (17 December 2014). "Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.". Lancet 385: 117–71. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2. PMID 25530442.
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