醫週譯：Cefalexin/頭孢氨芐
編輯歷史
| 時間 | 作者 | 版本 |
|---|---|---|
| 2017-07-17 16:30 – 16:30 | r0 – r1 | |
顯示 diff+ 醫週譯：Cefalexin/頭孢氨芐
+ {{Drugbox
+ | Watchedfields = changed
+ | verifiedrevid = 457630940
+ | IUPAC_name = (7R)-3-Methyl-7- (α- D -phenylglycylamino) -3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid monohydrate
+ | image = Cefalexin.svg
+ | image2 = Cefalexin ball-and-stick.png
+
+ <!--臨床資料-->
+ | tradename = Keflex, Cepol, Ceporexine, Ceporex[1]
+ | Drugs.com = {{Drugs.com|monograph|Cephalexin}}
+ | MedlinePlus = a682733
+ | pregnancy_AU = A
+ | pregnancy_US = B
+ | legal_AU = S4
+ | legal_UK = POM
+ | legal_US = Rx-only
+ | routes_of_administration = Oral
+ | licence_US = Keflex
+
+ <!--藥理動力學資料-->
+ | bioavailability = Well absorbed
+ | protein_bound = 15%
+ | metabolism = 80% excreted unchanged in urine within 6 hours of administration
+ | elimination_half-life = For an adult with normal renal function, the serum half-life is 0.5–1.2 hours[2]
+ | excretion = [[Kidney|Renal]]
+
+ <!--列管編號-->
+ | CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
+ | CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}}
+ | CAS_number = 15686-71-2
+ | ATC_prefix = J01
+ | ATC_suffix = DB01
+ | ATC_supplemental = {{ATCvet|J51|DB01}}
+ | PubChem = 2666
+ | DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}
+ | DrugBank = DB00567
+ | ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
+ | ChemSpiderID = 25541
+ | UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
+ | UNII = 5SFF1W6677
+ | KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}
+ | KEGG = D00263
+ | ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
+ | ChEBI = 3534
+ | ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
+ | ChEMBL = 1727
+
+ <!--化學資料-->
+ | C=16 | H=17 | N=3 | O=4 | S=1
+ | molecular_weight = 347.39 g/mol
+ | smiles = O=C2N1/C(=C(\\CS[C@@H]1[C@@H]2NC(=O)[C@@H](c3ccccc3)N)C)C(=O)O
+ | InChI = 1/C16H17N3O4S/c1-8-7-24-15-11(14(21)19(15)12(8)16(22)23)18-13(20)10(17)9-5-3-2-4-6-9/h2-6,10-11,15H,7,17H2,1H3,(H,18,20)(H,22,23)/t10-,11-,15-/m1/s1
+ | InChIKey = ZAIPMKNFIOOWCQ-UEKVPHQBBS
+ | StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
+ | StdInChI = 1S/C16H17N3O4S/c1-8-7-24-15-11(14(21)19(15)12(8)16(22)23)18-13(20)10(17)9-5-3-2-4-6-9/h2-6,10-11,15H,7,17H2,1H3,(H,18,20)(H,22,23)/t10-,11-,15-/m1/s1
+ | StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
+ | StdInChIKey = ZAIPMKNFIOOWCQ-UEKVPHQBSA-N
+ | melting_point = 326.8
+ }}
+ *[1]<ref name=McP2007>{{cite book|last=McPherson|first=Edwin M.|title=Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia. |date=2007 |publisher=Elsevier|location=Burlington |isbn=9780815518563|page=915|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=_J2ti4EkYpkC&pg=PA915|edition=3rd}}</ref>
+ *[2]<ref>McEvoy, G.K. (ed.). American Hospital Formulary Service — Drug Information 95. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Hospital Pharmacists, Inc., 1995 (Plus Supplements 1995)., p. 166</ref>
+
+ Cefalexin (INN, BAN) or cephalexin (USAN, AAN) is an antibiotic useful for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections. It is taken by mouth and is active against gram positive bacteria and some gram negative bacteria.[3] It is in the class of first generation cephalosporins and has similar activity to other agents within this group including the intravenous agent cefazolin.[4]
+
+ '''頭孢氨芐'''（{{lang-en|Cefalexin或Cephalexin}}，又譯'''先锋霉素Ⅳ'''、又作'''賜福力欣'''、'''頭孢力欣'''、'''賜爾復新'''、'''西華烈信'''、'''施華林'''、'''喜化幸'''、'''雪華力欣、或'''賜泛立信'''等[0]）。是一种半合成的第一代口服[[頭孢菌素|头孢霉素类]]類[[抗生素]]药物，可用於數種細菌感染的[[抗細菌藥|抗生素]]。頭孢氨芐是口服藥，抗菌範圍包括[[革蘭氏陽性菌]]和部分[[革蘭氏陰性菌]][3]。頭孢氨芐屬於[[頭孢菌素#第一代|第一代頭孢菌素]]，它與其他同類的抗生素如靜脈施打的[[頭孢唑啉]]具有相似的作用[4]。
+
+ *[0]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mrc.hatw.org.tw/search.aspx?key=cafalexin&source=0 |title=衛生福利部病歷中文化字彙查詢 |accessdate=2015-01-10}}</ref>
+ *References
+ *[3]<ref name=AHFS2014>{{cite web|title=Cephalexin|url=http://www.drugs.com/monograph/cephalexin.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|accessdate=Apr 21, 2014}}</ref>
+ *[4]<ref>{{cite book|last=Brunton|first=Laurence L.|title=Goodman & Gilman's pharmacological basis of therapeutics.|date=2011|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York|isbn=978-0071624428 |edition=12th |chapter=53, Penicillins, Cephalosporins, and Other β-Lactam Antibiotics}}</ref>
+ <!-- Medical uses -->
+ Cefalexin is used to treat a number of bacterial infections including: middle ear infections, strep throat, bone and joint infections,pneumonia, skin infections, and urinary tract infections. It may be used to prevent bacterial endocarditis. It is not effective againstmethicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. It may be used in those who have mild or moderate allergies to penicillin but is not recommended is those with severe allergies. It has no effect against viral infections.[3]
+ <!-- 醫療用途 -->
+ 頭孢氨芐被以於治療[[中耳炎]]、[[鏈球菌性咽炎]]、[[肺炎]]、骨與關節感染、[[蜂窩性組織炎]]、以及[[泌尿道感染]]等，它也可以被用於預防{{link-en|感染性心內膜炎|infective endocarditis}}。頭孢氨芐對於[[抗藥性金黃色葡萄球菌]]沒有效果。頭孢氨芐可以使用在對青黴素有輕微至普通程度過敏反應的病人身上，但對於有強烈過敏反應的病人而言則不適合使用。頭孢氨芐對{{link-en|病毒感染|viral disease}}並沒有效果[3]。在台灣，由於組織穿透性不佳以及抗藥性菌株較多，除蜂窩性組織炎及經確認菌株無抗藥性的泌尿道感染[18]仍使用頭孢氨芐作首選治療藥物，上述其他病症（中耳炎[12]、咽炎[13]、肺炎[14]、骨與關節感染[15]、以及感染心內膜炎[16]）已經建議使用其他抗生素治療[17]。
+
+ *中耳炎由於抗藥性的關係，現在一線用藥應該是高劑量阿莫西林。
+ *參考資料：http://www.aafp.org/afp/2007/1201/p1650.html (表5)
+ *肺炎也基於同樣理由不再使用一代頭孢菌素了 (至少在台灣，因為我們算是抗藥性菌株多的地方)
+ *[12]<ref>台灣中耳炎治療現以高劑量阿莫西林為一線用藥，見表5{{cite journal | title = Diagnosis and Treatment of Otitis Media | url = http://www.aafp.org/afp/2007/1201/p1650.html | publisher = American Academy of Family Physicians | accessdate = 2015-01-10}}</ref>
+ *[13]<ref>台灣咽炎治療現以高劑量阿墨西林為一線用藥，{{cite web | title = Diagnosis and Treatment of Streptococcal Pharyngitis | url = http://www.aafp.org/afp/2009/0301/p383.html | publisher = American Academy of Family Physicians | accessdate = 2015-01-10}}</ref>
+ *參考資料：http://imohw.tmu.edu.tw/idohtmu/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/01%E8%82%BA%E7%82%8E%E8%87%A8%E5%BA%8A%E8%A8%BA%E7%99%82%E6%8C%87%E5%BC%95.pdf (國衛院 肺炎治療指引 p72)
+ *http://www.idsociety.org/uploadedFiles/IDSA/Guidelines-Patient_Care/PDF_Library/CAP%20in%20Adults.pdf (表七)
+ *[14]<ref>台灣肺炎治療相關資料，{{cite article | title = 國衛院 肺炎治療指引 | page =72 | url = http://imohw.tmu.edu.tw/idohtmu/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/01%E8%82%BA%E7%82%8E%E8%87%A8%E5%BA%8A%E8%A8%BA%E7%99%82%E6%8C%87%E5%BC%95.pdf }}；表七{{cite article | title = Infectious Diseases Society of America/AmericanThoracic Society Consensus Guidelines on the
+ *Management of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Adults | url = http://www.idsociety.org/uploadedFiles/IDSA/Guidelines-Patient_Care/PDF_Library/CAP%20in%20Adults.pdf | year = 2007 | accessdate = 2015-01-11}}</ref>
+ *骨與關節感染(septic arthritis與osteomyelitis)也不會用此藥治療，血清濃度可能不夠，組織穿透性也不夠好…
+ *Septic arthritis: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1856038/ (表4)
+ *Osteomyelitis: http://www.aafp.org/afp/2011/1101/p1027.html (表3)
+ *不過碎碎念了這麼一長串，突然想到在發展中國家說不定還真的是用這個藥做一線…
+ *[15]<ref>骨與關節感染(septic arthritis與osteomyelitis)也不會用此藥治療，血清濃度可能不夠，組織穿透性也不夠好，詳見下列文獻表四{{cite journal | title = Management of septic arthritis: a systematic review | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1856038/ | publisher = Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases | doi =10.1136/ard.2006.058909 | author = Mathews, C. J., Kingsley, G., Field, M., Jones, A., Weston, V. C., Phillips, M., … Coakley, G. | year = 2007}}以及下列文獻的表三{{cite journal | title = Diagnosis and Management of Osteomyelitis | url = http://www.aafp.org/afp/2011/1101/p1027.html | author = JOHN HATZENBUEHLER, MD, and THOMAS J. PULLING, MD, Maine Medical Center, Portland, Maine | publisher = American Academy of Family Physicians. }}</ref>
+ *[16]<ref>{{cite journal| title = Prevention of Infective Endocarditis | url = http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/116/15/1736 | doi = 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.183095 | year = 2007 | accessdate = 2015-01-11}}</ref>
+ *[17]<ref>Harrison's Principle of ...</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url = http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/52/5/e103.full.pdf+html | title= International Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Treatment of Acute Uncomplicated Cystitis and Pyelonephritis in Women: A 2010 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the European Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases | author = Kalpana Gupta, Thomas M. Hooton, Kurt G. Naber, Bjo¨rn Wullt, Richard Colgan, Loren G. Miller,
+ *Gregory J. Moran, Lindsay E. Nicolle, Raul Raz, Anthony J. Schaeffer, and David E. Soper | year = 2011 | doi = 10.1093/cid/ciq257 | accessdate = 2015-01-11}}</ref>
+ *[18]<ref>{{cite journal | title = 台灣門診泌尿道感染抗生素處方型態分析及其影響因素 | url = http://140.113.39.130/cgi-bin/gs32/ymgsweb.cgi/login?o=dymcdr&s=id=%22GYA226035515%22.&searchmode=basic#XXXX | author = 詹雅惠 | publisher = 陽明大學醫務管理研究所 | year = 2006 | accessdate = 2015-01-11}}</ref>
+
+ <!-- Side effects -->
+ Possible side effects include: allergies, stomach and intestinal upset, and Clostridium difficile diarrhea among others.[3] It ispregnancy category B in the United States and category A in Australia meaning that there is no evidence of harm after being taken by many pregnant women.[3][5] Use during breast feeding is okay.[6] It is suitable for use in children and those over 65 years of age. Doses may need to be decrease in those with kidney problems.[3]
+ <!-- 副作用 -->
+ 頭孢氨芐的可能副作用包括[[過敏]]、腸胃不適、[[偽膜性結腸炎]]等等[3]。對於孕婦而言，本藥品在許多孕婦使用後仍沒有證據顯示它會對孕婦或胎兒造成傷害[3][5]（等同於美國的懷孕用藥等級B；與澳洲的等級A），在哺乳期間使用本藥品也是安全的[6]。兒童與65歲以上的老人都可以安全的使用本藥。[[腎功能衰竭|腎功能不佳]]的病人在使用本藥品時應依指示減少劑量[3]。
+
+ *References
+ *[5]<ref name=TGA2014>{{cite web|title=Prescribing medicines in pregnancy database|url=http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm#.U1Yw8Bc3tqw|work=Australian Government|accessdate=22 April 2014|date=3 March 2014}}</ref>
+ *[6]<ref name=Breast2013>{{cite book|title=Breastfeeding and Medication|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136178153|page=227|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=0Y8lbCnF1mgC&pg=PA227|author=Wendy Jones}}</ref>
+
+ <!-- History, Society and Culture -->
+ In 2012, cefalexin was one of the top 100 most prescribed medications in the United States.[7] In Australia it is one of the 15 most prescribed medication.[8] It was introduced in 1969 and 1970 by a number of companies including Glaxo Wellcome and Eli Lilly and Company and was marketed as Keflex and Ceporex among others.[1][9] It is available as a generic drug under several other trade names and is not very expensive.[3][10] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, a list of the most important medication needed in a health system.[11]
+ <!-- 歷史、社會與文化 -->
+ 2012年時頭孢氨芐名列美國前百大最常使用藥物[7]，在澳洲則躋身前十五強[8]。它在1969-1970年間由[[葛蘭素史克]]與[[禮來公司|禮來]]發現，並分別以'''Keflex'''與'''Ceporex'''為名上市[1][9]。今日，市面上已經有許多本藥品的[[通用名藥物|學名藥]]可供選擇，價格也不昂貴[3][10]。{{fact|常見的製劑有[[藥片]]、[[膠囊]]及口服藥水（或供配製成藥水的乾顆粒）}}。它也列名於[[世界衛生組織基本藥物標準清單]]上，這張清單列出世界衛生組織建議{{link-en|醫療系統|health system}}中應有的最重要的藥物[11]。
+ *References
+ *[7]<ref>{{cite web|last=Bartholow|first=Michael|title=Top 200 Drugs of 2012|url=http://www.pharmacytimes.com/publications/issue/2013/July2013/Top-200-Drugs-of-2012|work=Pharmacy Times|accessdate=22 April 2014}}</ref>
+ *[8]<ref>{{cite book|title=Australia's Health 2012: The Thirteenth Biennial Health Report of the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare|date=2012|publisher=Australian Institute of Health and Welfare|isbn=9781742493053|page=408|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=1CazE2WqNBEC&pg=PT424}}</ref>
+ *[9]<ref>{{cite book|last=Ravina |first=Enrique |title=The evolution of drug discovery : from traditional medicines to modern drugs|date=2011|publisher=Wiley-VCH|location=Weinheim|isbn=9783527326693|page=267|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=iDNy0XxGqT8C&pg=PA267|edition=1. Aufl.}}</ref>
+ *[10]<ref>{{cite book|last=Hanlon|first=Geoffrey|title=Essential Microbiology for Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science|date=2012|publisher=Wiley|location=Hoboken|isbn=9781118432433|page=140|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=P4Ucifn76PUC&pg=PT140|author2=Hodges, Norman}}</ref>
+ *[11]<ref>{{cite web|title=WHO Model List of EssentialMedicines|url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/93142/1/EML_18_eng.pdf?ua=1|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=22 April 2014|page=6|date=October 2013}}</ref>
+
+
+ 2015-01-11 已與中文維基百科「頭孢氨芐」的引言頁面整合
+ 回到入口頁
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