過敏(Allergy)
編輯歷史
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| 2017-07-17 16:32 – 16:32 | r0 – r1 | |
顯示 diff+ 過敏(Allergy)
+ *2015/7/13 已整合
+ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Medicine/Translation_task_force/RTT/Simple_allergy
+
+ <!-- Definition and symptoms -->
+ Allergy, also known as allergic diseases, are a number of conditions caused by hypersensitivity of the immune system to something in the environment that normally causes little problem.[1] These diseases include hay fever,food allergies, atopic dermatitis, allergic asthma, and anaphylaxis.[2] Symptoms may include red eyes, an itchy rash, runny nose, shortness of breath, or swelling.[3] Food intolerances and food poisoning are separate conditions.[4][5]
+ <!-- 定義與症狀 -->
+ '''過敏'''（{{lang-en|allergy, allergic diseases}}）為[[免疫系統]]接觸環境中部分對一般人影響不大的過敏原因子後，所引發的一系列[[超敏反應]]現象[1]，包含[[過敏性鼻炎]]、[[食物過敏]]、[[異位性皮膚炎]]、[[哮喘]]與[[全身型過敏性反應]]等[2]；症狀可能有[[變應性結膜炎|紅眼]]、引起搔癢的皮疹、{{link-en|鼻漏|Rhinorrhea|流鼻水}}、[[呼吸困難]]與腫脹等[3]。{{link-en|食物耐受不佳|Food intolerance}}與[[食物中毒]]是兩種不一樣的現象[4,5]。
+
+ *Reference：
+ * 1. McConnell, Thomas H. (2007). The nature of disease : pathology for the health professions. Baltimore, Mar.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 159. ISBN 9780781753173.
+ *2. "Types of Allergic Diseases". NIAID. May 29, 2015. Retrieved 17 June 2015.
+ *3. "Environmental Allergies: Symptoms". NIAID. April 22, 2015. Retrieved 19 June 2015.
+ *4. Bahna SL (Dec 2002). "Cow's milk allergy versus cow milk intolerance.". Annals of allergy, asthma & immunology : official publication of the American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology 89 (6 Suppl 1): 56–60. doi:10.1016/S1081-1206(10)62124-2.PMID 12487206.
+ *5. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (July 2012). "Food Allergy An Overview" (PDF).
+
+
+ <!-- Cause and diagnosis-->
+ Common allergens include pollen and food. Metals and other substances may also cause problems.[1] Food, insect stings, and medications are common causes of severe reactions. Their development is due to both genetic and environmental factors.[6] The underlying mechanism involves immunoglobulin E antibodies (IgE), part of the body's immune system, binding to an allergen and trigger the release of inflammatory chemicals such as histamine.[7] Diagnosis is typically based on a person's medical history. Further testing of the skin or blood may be useful in certain cases.[5] Positive tests; however, may not mean there is a significant allergy to the substance in question.[8]
+ <!-- 病因與診斷 -->
+ 常見的[[過敏原]]有食物和[[花粉]]。金屬和其他物質也可能引發過敏[1]。食物、蚊蟲叮咬和藥物常造成嚴重的過敏反應。症狀的發展同時取決於遺傳和環境[6]。過敏的原始機制是{{link-en|免疫球蛋白E|Immunoglobulin E|免疫球蛋白E抗體}}，它是人體免疫系統的一部份，會與過敏原結合，並釋放[[組織胺]]等引起發炎的化學物質[7]。過敏的確診通常依據病患的醫療史進行判斷。特定病例必須進行{{link-en|皮膚過敏檢驗|Skin allergy test|皮膚}}或血液檢驗做進一步判定[5]。然而，檢驗結果為陽性，並不代表所檢驗的過敏原就是引發過敏的單一物質[8]。
+
+ *Reference：
+ * 6. Kay AB (2000). "Overview of 'allergy and allergic diseases: with a view to the future'".Br. Med. Bull. 56 (4): 843–64. doi:10.1258/0007142001903481. PMID 11359624.
+ *7. "How Does an Allergic Response Work?". NIAID. April 21, 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
+ *8.Cox L, Williams B, Sicherer S, Oppenheimer J, Sher L, Hamilton R, Golden D (December 2008). "Pearls and pitfalls of allergy diagnostic testing: report from the American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology/American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology Specific IgE Test Task Force". Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology 101 (6): 580–92.doi:10.1016/S1081-1206(10)60220-7. PMID 19119701.
+
+ <!-- Prevention and treatment -->
+ Early exposure to potential allergens may be protective.[9] Treatments for allergies include avoiding known allergens and the use of medications such as steroids and antihistamines.[10] In severe reactions injectable adrenaline (epinephrine), is recommended.[11] Allergen immunotherapy, which gradually exposes people to larger and larger amounts of allergen, is useful for some types of allergies such as hay fever and reactions to insect bites. Its use in food allergies is unclear.[10]
+ <!-- 預防和治療 -->
+ 在幼年時期，暴露在常見的過敏原也許具有保護作用[9]。過敏的治療包括：避開已知的過敏原和使用[[皮質類固醇]]與[[抗組織胺藥]][10]。嚴重過敏時，應緊急靜脈注射[[腎上腺素]][11]。所謂的{{link-en|過敏原免疫療法|Allergen immunotherapy}}，是一種藉由將病人逐漸暴露在，越來越大量的過敏原下的治療方式，常用在某些特定的過敏疾病，像是乾草熱或是昆蟲叮咬。過敏原免疫療法，對於食物過敏的效果還不清楚[10]。
+
+
+ *Reference：
+ * 9. Sicherer, SH.; Sampson, HA. (Feb 2014). "Food allergy: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment.". J Allergy Clin Immunol 133 (2): 291–307; quiz 308.doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2013.11.020. PMID 24388012.
+ *10. "Allergen Immunotherapy". April 22, 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
+ *11. Simons FE (October 2009). "Anaphylaxis: Recent advances in assessment and treatment" (PDF). The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 124 (4): 625–36; quiz 637–8. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2009.08.025. PMID 19815109.
+
+ <!-- Epidemiology and history -->
+ Allergies are common.[12] In the developed world, about 20% of people are affected by allergic rhinitis,[13] about 6% of people have at least one food allergy,[5][9] and about 20% have atopic dermatitis at some point in time.[14] Depending on the country about 1 and 18% of people have asthma.[15] Anaphylaxis occurs in between 0.05–2% of people.[16]Rates of many allergic diseases appear to be increasing.[11][17] The word "allergy" was first used by Clemens von Pirquet in 1906.[6]
+ <!--流行病學與歷史-->
+ 過敏是相當常見的症狀[12]。在開發中國家，大約20%的人被[[過敏性鼻炎]]所困擾[13]，大約6%的人至少有過一次食物過敏的經驗[5][9]，有將近20%的人，一生之中至少經歷一次異位性皮膚炎[14]。依據國家的不同，有1%到18%的人有氣喘的症狀[15]。0.05%到2%的人會經歷全身性過敏[16]。許多過敏性的疾病的比例有上升的趨勢[11][17]。1906年，{{link-en|克萊門斯·馮·皮爾奎|Clemens von Pirquet}}首次使用"Allergy"這個字來命名過敏[6]。
+ *Reference：
+ * 12."Allergic Diseases". NIAID. May 21, 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
+ *13. Wheatley, LM; Togias, A (29 January 2015). "Clinical practice. Allergic rhinitis.". The New England journal of medicine 372 (5): 456–63. PMID 25629743.
+ *14. Thomsen, SF (2014). "Atopic dermatitis: natural history, diagnosis, and treatment.". ISRN allergy 2014: 354250. PMID 25006501.
+ *15. "Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention" (PDF). Global Initiative for Asthma. 2011. pp. 2–5.
+ *16. Leslie C. Grammer (2012). Patterson's Allergic Diseases (7 ed.). ISBN 9781451148633.
+ *17. Anandan C, Nurmatov U, van Schayck OC, Sheikh A (February 2010). "Is the prevalence of asthma declining? Systematic review of epidemiological studies". Allergy 65 (2): 152–67.doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02244.x. PMID 19912154.
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