Wikipedia:WikiProject Medicine/Translation task force/RTT/Simple postpartum hemorrhage
{{Medical}}
{{Infobox disease
| Name = 產後出血
| Image =
| Caption =
| DiseasesDB =
| ICD10 = {{ICD10|O|72||o|60}}
| ICD9 = {{ICD9|666}}
| ICDO =
| OMIM =
| MedlinePlus =
| eMedicineSubj = article
| eMedicineTopic = 275038
| MeshID = D006473
}}
<!-- Definition and symptoms-->
Postpartum bleeding or postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is often defined as the loss of more than 500 ml or 1,000 ml of blood within the first 24 hours following childbirth.[1] Some have added the requirement that there also be signs or symptoms of low blood volume for the condition to exist.[2] Signs and symptoms may initially include: an increased heart rate, feeling faint upon standing, and an increased breath rate.[3] As more blood is lost the women may feel cold, their blood pressure may drop, and they may become restless or unconscious.[3] The condition can occur up to six weeks following delivery.[2]
<!--定義與症狀-->
產後流血或出血通常被定義為[[生產]]後24小時內失血超過500至1000毫升[1]，或再加上低血容的症狀與徵象[2]。症狀與徵象首先包括[[心跳過速|心跳加快]]、[[姿位性低血壓|站立時感覺昏厥]]、以及呼吸速度增加[3]。若失血量增多，則可能會有寒冷的感覺、低血壓、不安定感或失去意識[3]。在生產後6周內，產後出血的情形都可能會發生[2]。
<!-- Cause -->
The most common cause is poor contraction of the uterus following childbirth. Not all of the placenta being delivered, a tear of the uterus, or poor blood clotting are other possible causes. It occurs more commonly in those who: already have a low amount of red blood, are Asian, with bigger or more than one baby, are obese or are older than 40 years of age. It also occurs more commonly following caesarean sections, those in whom medications are used to start labor, and those who have an episiotomy.[1]
<!--病因-->
最常見的原因為產後[[子宮乏力|子宮收縮無力]]。{{Link-en|胎盤未完全排出|Retained placenta}}、[[子宮]] 撕裂、或[[凝血|凝血功能]]差為其他可能原因。產後出血通常發生在以下情形：[[貧血]]、[[亞洲人]]、嬰兒身形較大或多胞胎、[[肥胖]]、40歲以上。此外，也通常發生在[[剖宫产|剖腹產]]後，尤其使用催產藥物以及接受[[會陰切開術]][1]。
<!-- Prevention and treatment -->
Prevention involves decreasing known risk factors including if possible procedures associated with the condition and giving the medication oxytocin to stimulate the uterus to contract shortly after the baby is born. Misoprostol may be used instead of oxytocin in resource poor settings. Treatments may include: intravenous fluids, blood transfusions, and the medication ergotamine to cause further uterine contraction. Efforts to compress the uterus using the hands may be effective if other treatments do not work. The aorta may also be compressed by pressing on the abdomen. The World Health Organization has recommended non-pneumatic anti-shock garment to help until other measures such as surgery can be carried out.[1]
<!--預防與治療-->
預防方法是盡可能減少危險因子，包含剖腹產、會陰切開術等；並在生產後給予[[催產素]]，以刺激子宮收縮。{{Link-en|米索前列醇|Misoprostol}} 在催產素缺乏情況下可取代之。治療部分則包含靜脈輸液、[[輸血]]、以及促進子宮收縮之藥物，如{{Link-en|邁克寧（又譯麥角胺）| ergotamine}}。當上述方法無效時，徒手壓迫子宮也可能有效。若選擇壓迫腹部時，則[[主動脈]]也可能因此受壓迫。另外，世界衛生組織建議{{Link-en|非充氣抗休克服裝（non-pneumatic anti-shock garment）|non-pneumatic anti-shock garment}} 的使用，直到進一步手術能進行為止[1]。
<!-- Epidemiology -->
In the developing world about 1.2% of deliveries are associated with PPH and when PPH occurred about 3% of women died.[1] Globally it results in 44,000 to 86,000 deaths per year making it the leading cause of death during pregnancy.[1][4] About 0.4 women per 100,000 deliveries die from PPH in the United Kingdom while about 150 women per 100,000 deliveries die in sub-Saharan Africa. Rates of death have decreased substantially since at least the late 1800s in the United Kingdom
<!--流行病學-->
在[[發展中國家]]，生產時約有1.2%發生產後大出血的情形，而在這之中約3%孕婦死亡[1]。產後出血造成全球每年約44,000至86,000件死亡，係生產時死亡的首要死因[1][4]。在英國，自1800年代後期產後出血的死亡率已下降，每10萬個生產中有0.4人因產後出血死亡，而在[[撒哈拉以南非洲|撒哈拉以南的非洲]]則為約150人[1]。