低血糖(Hypoglycemia)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Medicine/Translation_task_force/RTT/Simple_hypoglycemia

中文:https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%8E%E8%A1%80%E7%B3%96 

{{Infobox disease

 | Name           = Hypoglycemia

 | Image          = Glucose test.JPG

 | Caption        = [[Glucose meter]]

 | field = [[Endocrinology]]

 | DiseasesDB     = 6431

 | ICD10          = {{ICD10|E|16|0|e|15}}-{{ICD10|E|16|2|e|15}}

 | ICD9           = {{ICD9|250.8}}, {{ICD9|251.0}}, {{ICD9|251.1}}, {{ICD9|251.2}}, {{ICD9|270.3}}, {{ICD9|775.6}}, {{ICD9|962.3}}

 | ICDO           =

 | OMIM           =

 | MedlinePlus    = 000386

 | eMedicineSubj  = emerg

 | eMedicineTopic = 272

 | eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|med|1123}} {{eMedicine2|med|1939}} {{eMedicine2|ped|1117}}

 | MeshID         = D007003

}}

{{Infobox disease

 | Name           =  低血糖<br/>Hypoglycemia

 | Image          = Glucose test.JPG

 | Caption        = [[血糖仪]]

 | field = [[內分泌學]]

 | DiseasesDB     = 6431

 | ICD10          = {{ICD10|E|16|0|e|15}}-{{ICD10|E|16|2|e|15}}

 |  ICD9           = {{ICD9|250.8}}, {{ICD9|251.0}}, {{ICD9|251.1}},  {{ICD9|251.2}}, {{ICD9|270.3}}, {{ICD9|775.6}}, {{ICD9|962.3}}

 | ICDO           =

 | OMIM           =

 | MedlinePlus    = 000386

 | eMedicineSubj  = emerg

 | eMedicineTopic = 272

 | eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|med|1123}} {{eMedicine2|med|1939}} {{eMedicine2|ped|1117}}

 | MeshID         = D007003

}}

<!-- Definition and symptoms -->

Hypoglycemia, also known as low blood sugar or low blood glucose, is when blood sugar decreases to below normal. This may result in a variety of symptoms including clumsiness, trouble talking, confusion, loss of consciousness, seizures, or death. A feeling or hunger, sweating, shakiness, or weakness may also be present. Symptoms typically come on quickly.[1]

<定義與症狀>

’’’低血糖’’’({{lang-en|hypoglycemia, low blood sugar, low blood glucose}})是[[血糖]]降低到低於正常值的狀態,可能會導致動作笨拙、說話困難、迷亂、{{link-en|神志喪失|Unconsciousness}}、{{link-en|癲癇發作Epileptic seizure|癲癇}}或死亡,也可能會感覺到飢餓、流汗、顫抖或虛弱等症狀。通常低血壓的症狀會快速發作[1]。

<!-- Cause -->

The most common cause of hypoglycemia is medications used to treat diabetes mellitus such as insulin, sulfonylureas, and biguanides.[2][3]Risk is greater in diabetes who have eaten less than usual, exercised more than usual, or drank alcohol.[1] Other causes of hypoglycemia include kidney failure, certain tumors, liver disease,hypothyroidism, starvation, inborn error of metabolism, severe infections, reactive hypoglycemia, and a number of drugs including alcohol.[3][1] Low blood sugar may occur in babies who are otherwise healthy who have not eaten for a few hours.[4]

<病因>

低血壓的常見病因為服用[[胰島素]]、[[磺醯脲類]]、[[雙胍類]]等治療[[糖尿病]]的藥物[2,3]。吃得比平時少、動得比平時多以及平常在喝[[乙醇|酒]]的糖尿病患者,會提升低血糖的風險[1]。其他病因包含[[腎功能衰竭]]、特定[[惡性腫瘤|腫瘤]]、{{link-en|肝疾病|Liver disease}}、[[甲狀腺機能低下症]]、[[餓死|饑饉]]、[[遺傳性代謝缺陷]]、[[敗血症]]、{{link-en|反應性低血糖|Reactive hypoglycemia}}與服用包含酒精在內的藥物或毒品[1,3]。健康嬰兒如果數小時沒有進食,也可能會引發低血糖症狀[4]。

<!-- Diagnosis -->

The glucose level that defines hypoglycemia is variable. In diabetics a levels below 3.9 mmol/L (70 mg/dL) is diagnostic.[1] In adults without diabetes, symptoms related to low blood sugar, low blood sugar at the time of symptoms, and improvement when blood sugar is restored to normal confirm the diagnosis.[5] Otherwise a level below 2.8 mmol/L (50 mg/dL) after not eating or following exercise may be used.[1] In newborns a level below 2.2 mmol/L (40 mg/dL) or less than 3.3 mmol/L (60 mg/dL) if symptoms are present indicates hypoglycemia.[4] Other tests that may be useful in determining the cause include insulin and C peptide levels in the blood.[3] Hyperglycemia, a high blood sugar, is the opposite condition.

<診斷>

用來定義低血糖的血糖濃度標準,會因狀況不同而有所改變。以糖尿病患者而言,低於3.9 [[血液检验项目正常参考值范围|mmol/L]](70 mg/dL)可確診為低血糖[1]。以未罹患糖尿病的成人而言,必須以是否出現低血糖相關症狀、該症狀是否在個案血糖低落時出現、以及血糖恢復時的症狀恢復情形進行診斷[5]。否則,可能會以空腹或運動後的血糖值低於 2.8 mmol/L(50 mg/dL)作為診斷方式[5]。以新生兒而言,如果出現低血糖相關症狀,會以血糖低於3.3 mmol/L(60 mg/dL)作為診斷標準,如果沒有則以2.2 mmol/L(40 mg/dL)作為標準[4]。血液中的胰島素與{{link-en|C-胜鍊胰島素|C-peptide}}濃度等其他檢驗,可用來測定低血糖發生的原因[3]。{{link-en|高血糖|Hyperglycemia}}的診斷則與低血糖相反。

<!-- Prevention, treatment, and society-->

Among people with diabetes, prevention is by matching the foods eaten, with the amount of exercise, and the medications used. When people feel their blood sugar is low testing with a glucose monitor is recommended. Some people have few initial symptoms of low blood sugar and frequent routine testing in this group is recommended. Treatment of hypoglycemia is by eating foods high in simple sugars or taking dextrose. If a person is not able to take food by mouth, an injection of decagon may help. The treatment of hypoglycemia unrelated to diabetes include treating the underlying problem as well and ahealthy diet.[1] The term "hypoglycemia" is sometimes incorrectly used to refer to idiopathic postprandial syndrome, a controversial condition with similar symptoms that occur following eating but normal blood sugar levels.[6][7]

<預防、治療與社會>

對於糖尿病患,選擇適合的食物、充足運動與藥物使用能預防低血糖。如果病患感到血糖低落時,會建議進行{{link-en|血糖監測|Blood glucose monitoring}}。部分病患可能一開始就出現低血糖的症狀,此時會建議進行低血糖的頻繁常規檢驗。低血糖的治療方式包括食用有大量糖份的食物或是攝取[[葡萄糖]],若無法用口進食,則可以用點滴補充葡萄糖。若低血糖的問題和[[糖尿病]]無關,治療時也要處理其潛在的問題,以及其缺之[[均衡飲食]]的問題[1]。低血糖有時會誤用來指{{link-en|原因不明性餐後症候群|idiopathic postprandial syndrome}},這是一種爭議的疾病,出現在飯後,但血糖濃度仍然偏低[6][7]。

已整合到中文維基