{{Infobox medical condition
|Name = Hives
|Image = EMminor2010.JPG
|Caption = Hives on the arm
|Field = [[Dermatology]]
|width = 250px
|DiseasesDB = 13606
|ICD10 = {{ICD10|L|50| |l|50}}
|ICD9 = {{ICD9|708}}
|ICDO =
|OMIM =
|MedlinePlus = 000845
|eMedicineSubj = search
|eMedicineTopic = Urticaria
|MeshID = D014581
}}
<!-- Definition and symptoms -->
’’’Hives’’’ also known as ’’’urticaria’’’, is a kind of [[skin rash]] with red, raised, itchy bumps.<ref name=NIH2016>{{cite web|title=Hives|url=https://medlineplus.gov/hives.html|accessdate=10 August 2016}}</ref> They may also burn or sting.<!-- <ref name=Jaf2015/> --> Often the patches of rash move around.<!-- <ref name=Jaf2015/> --> Typically they last a few days and do not leave any long lasting skin changes.<!-- <ref name=Jaf2015/> --> Less than 5% of cases last for more than six weeks.<!-- <ref name=Jaf2015/> --> The condition frequently recurs.<ref name=Jaf2015>{{cite journal|last1=Jafilan|first1=L|last2=James|first2=C|title=Urticaria and Allergy-Mediated Conditions.|journal=Primary care|date=December 2015|volume=42|issue=4|pages=473-83|pmid=26612369}}</ref>
<!-- 定義與症狀 -->
’’’蕁麻疹’’’(hives)，或稱urticaria，是一種[[皮疹]]，會有又紅又腫的癢癢腫塊，<ref name=NIH2016>{{cite web|title=Hives|url=https://medlineplus.gov/hives.html|accessdate=10 August 2016}}</ref>通常腫塊也會灼熱或刺痛。<!-- <ref name=Jaf2015/> --> 一片腫塊通常會蔓延。 <!-- <ref name=Jaf2015/> --> 普通的腫塊會持續數日，但不會對皮膚留下長遠的影響，<!-- <ref name=Jaf2015/> --> 僅有5%的病例會持續超過六週，<!-- <ref name=Jaf2015/> --> 蕁麻疹經常復發，<ref name=Jaf2015>{{cite journal|last1=Jafilan|first1=L|last2=James|first2=C|title=Urticaria and Allergy-Mediated Conditions.|journal=Primary care|date=December 2015|volume=42|issue=4|pages=473-83|pmid=26612369}}</ref>
<!-- Cause and diagnosis -->
Hives frequently occur following an infection or as a result of an [[allergic reaction]] such as to medication, [[insect bite]]s, or food.<ref name=Jaf2015/> [[Psychological stress]], cold temperature, or vibration may also be a trigger.<ref name=NIH2016/><ref name=Jaf2015/> In half of cases the cause remains unknown.<ref name=Jaf2015/> Risk factors include having conditions such as [[hay fever]] or [[asthma]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Zuberbier|first1=Torsten|last2=Grattan|first2=Clive|last3=Maurer|first3=Marcus|title=Urticaria and Angioedema|date=2010|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9783540790488|page=38|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=kzWdXE4VsfsC&pg=PA38|language=en}}</ref> Diagnosis is typically based on the appearance.<!-- <ref name=Jaf2015/ -->> [[Patch testing]] may be useful to determine the allergy.<ref name=Jaf2015/>
<!-- 病因與診斷 -->
蕁麻疹常見發生於感染或發生於[[過敏反應]]後，例如用藥、 [[insect bite(蚊蟲叮咬)]]，或飲食引起。<ref name=Jaf2015/> [[Psychological stress(心理壓力)]]、氣溫過低或震動都可能是引發蕁麻疹的起因。<ref name=NIH2016/><ref name=Jaf2015/> 有一半以上病例的病因尚未明朗，<ref name=Jaf2015/> 危險因素包含[[過敏性鼻炎]]或[[氣喘]]，<ref>{{cite book|last1=Zuberbier|first1=Torsten|last2=Grattan|first2=Clive|last3=Maurer|first3=Marcus|title=Urticaria and Angioedema|date=2010|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9783540790488|page=38|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=kzWdXE4VsfsC&pg=PA38|language=en}}</ref> 確診通常是基於目測病徵，<!-- <ref name=Jaf2015/ -->> 可能有效的確診過敏方式為使用[[patch testing(皮膚斑點試驗)]]。 <ref name=Jaf2015/>
<!-- Prevention and treatment -->
Prevention is by avoiding whatever it is that causes the condition.<!-- <ref name=Jaf2015/> --> Treatment is typically with [[antihistamines]] such as [[diphenhydramine]] and [[ranitidine]].<!-- <ref name=Jaf2015/> --> In severe cases [[corticosteroids|steroids]] or [[leukotriene inhibitors]] may also be used.<!-- <ref name=Jaf2015/> --> Keeping the environmental temperature cool is also useful.<!-- <ref name=Jaf2015/> --> For cases that last more than six weeks [[immunosuppressants]] like [[cyclosporine]] may be used.<ref name=Jaf2015/>
<!-- 預防與治療 -->
預防蕁麻疹的方式是避開任何可能導致蕁麻枕的肇因。<!-- <ref name=Jaf2015/> --> 典型的治療方式是使用[[抗組織胺藥]]像是[[苯海拉明]] 和 [[雷尼替丁]]。<!-- <ref name=Jaf2015/> -->嚴重的病例可能要使用 [[皮質類固醇]] or [[leukotriene inhibitors(白三烯拮抗劑)]]。<!-- <ref name=Jaf2015/> --> Keeping the environmental temperature cool is also useful.<!-- <ref name=Jaf2015/> -->超過六週的病例可能要使用[[immunosuppressants(免疫抑製劑)]]如[[環孢素]]。<ref name=Jaf2015/>
<!-- Epidemiology and culture -->
About 20% of people are affected.<ref name=Jaf2015/> Cases of short duration occur equally in males and females while cases of long duration are more common in females.<!-- <ref name=Gri2016/> --> Cases of short duration or more common among children while cases of long duration are more common among those who are middle aged.<!-- <ref name=Gri2016/> --> Hives have been described at least since the time of [[Hippocrates]].<ref name=Gri2016>{{cite book|last1=Griffiths|first1=Christopher|last2=Barker|first2=Jonathan|last3=Bleiker|first3=Tanya|last4=Chalmers|first4=Robert|last5=Creamer|first5=Daniel|title=Rook’s Textbook of Dermatology, 4 Volume Set|date=2016|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9781118441176|page=Chapter 42.3|edition=9|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=EyypCwAAQBAJ&pg=SA42-PA3|language=en}}</ref> The term urticaria is from the [[Latin]] ’’urtica’’ meaning "nettle".<ref>{{cite book|title=A Dictionary of Entomology|date=2011|publisher=CABI|isbn=9781845935429|page=1430|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=9IcmCeAjp6cC&pg=PA1430|language=en}}</ref>
<!-- 病理學與文化 -->
大約20%的人會得蕁麻疹，<ref name=Jaf2015/> 男性和女性短暫得蕁麻疹的機率是一樣的，但得病時間較長的機率中，女性高於男性；<!-- <ref name=Gri2016/> --> 短暫得到蕁麻疹在孩童中比較常見，而中年人士常見得較長時間的蕁麻疹，<!-- <ref name=Gri2016/> --> 最早关于蕁麻疹的文字記載是在[[希波克拉底]]時代的。<ref name=Gri2016>{{cite book|last1=Griffiths|first1=Christopher|last2=Barker|first2=Jonathan|last3=Bleiker|first3=Tanya|last4=Chalmers|first4=Robert|last5=Creamer|first5=Daniel|title=Rook’s Textbook of Dermatology, 4 Volume Set|date=2016|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9781118441176|page=Chapter 42.3|edition=9|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=EyypCwAAQBAJ&pg=SA42-PA3|language=en}}</ref> “Urticaria"這個詞來自[[拉丁語]]中的urtica，指蕁麻 "nettle".<ref>{{cite book|title=A Dictionary of Entomology|date=2011|publisher=CABI|isbn=9781845935429|page=1430|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=9IcmCeAjp6cC&pg=PA1430|language=en}}</ref>
==References==
<references />