霍亂疫苗

中文條目

英文條目:

Cholera vaccines are vaccines(疫苗) that are effective at preventing cholera(霍亂).[1] They are about 85% effective during the first six months and 50–60% effective during the first year.[1][2][3] The effectiveness decreases to less than 50% after two years. When a significant portion of the population is immunized benefits from herd immunity(群体免疫) may occur among those not immunized. The World Health Organization(世界卫生组织) recommends their use in combination with other measures among those at high risk. Two doses or three doses of the oral form are typically recommended.[1] An injectable form is available in some, but not all, areas of the world.[1][2]

Both of the available types of oral vaccine are generally safe. Mild abdominal pain or diarrhea may occur. They are safe inpregnancy(妊娠) and in those with poor immune function(免疫缺陷). They are licensed for use in more than 60 countries. In countries where the disease is common, the vaccine appears to be cost effective.[1]

The first vaccines used against cholera were developed in the late 1800s. They were the first widely used vaccine that was made in a laboratory.[4] Oral vaccines were first introduced in the 1990s.[1] It is on the World Health Organization’s List of Essential Medicines(世界卫生组织基本药物标准清单), the most important medication needed in a basic health system.[5] The cost to immunize against cholera is between 0.1 and 4.0 USD.[6]