英文連結:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumps
中文連結:https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E6%80%A7%E8%85%AE%E8%85%BA%E7%82%8E
中文引言(請參酌使用
流行性腮腺炎（epidemic parotitis，英文俗稱：Mumps）、耳下腺炎，俗稱「豬頭皮」「痄腮」，是指一個或兩個腮腺（人類臉頰兩旁的主要唾腺）發炎的疾病。腮腺是唾腺中最常發炎的一個部位。[1]且通常還會伴隨睪丸腫脹（睪丸炎）和起紅疹，腮腺炎最通常的原因是腮腺炎病毒的感染，患者以幼童居多，但在幼童身上通常不嚴重。這種疾病通常會自癒，所以沒有特定處方，可能只需要開一些止痛藥，但有小部份的人仍會引起嚴重的併發症。
在相關的疫苗研發出來之前，流行性腮腺炎是相當普遍的疾病。至今這種疾病仍然深深危害著開發中國家，偶爾也會爆發大流行。[2]
Mumps, also known as epidemic parotitis, is a viral disease caused by the mumps virus.[1] Initial signs and symptoms often include fever, muscle pain, headache, and feeling tired.[2] This is then usually followed by painful swelling of one or both parotid glands.[3] Symptoms typically occur 16 to 18 days after exposure and resolve after seven to ten days.[1][2]Symptoms in adults are often more severe than in children.[2] About a third of people have mild or no symptoms.[2]Complications may include infections of the covering of the brain (15 percent), pancreatitis (four percent), permanentdeafness, and painful testicular swelling which uncommonly results in infertility.[2] Women may develop ovarian swellingbut this does not increase the risk of infertility.[3]
’’’流行性腮腺炎’’’（{{lang|en|epidemic parotitis}}）或稱’’’耳下腺炎’’’，是由[[腮腺炎病毒]]引起的疾病[1]。初期症狀包括[[發燒]]、[[肌肉痠痛]]、[[頭痛]]和疲憊[2]，之後臉頰單側或雙側的腮腺部位會感到疼痛且腫脹[3]。病人通常在受到感染後的16到18天後開始有上述症狀，並在發病後7至10天恢復正常[1][2]。成人的症狀一般會比兒童嚴重[2]，約三分之一的人只有輕微症狀，甚至沒有症狀[2]。併發症包括[[腦膜炎]]（15%）、[[胰腺炎]]（4%）、永久失聰、以及很少見，但可能會導致[[不孕]]的[[睾丸炎]][2]。女性的併發症為[[卵巢炎]]，不過不會提高不孕的風險[3]。
Mumps is highly contagious and spreads rapidly among people living in close quarters.[4] The virus is transmitted by respiratory droplets or direct contact with an infected person.[1] Only humans get and spread the disease.[2] People are infectious to each other from about seven days before the start of symptoms to about eight days after.[5] After an infection a person is typically immune for life.[2] Reinfection is possible but tends to be mild.[6] Diagnosis is usually suspected due to parotid swelling and can be confirmed by isolating the virus on a swab of the parotid duct.[1] Testing for IgM antibodies in the blood is simple and may be useful; however, can be falsely negative in those who have been immunized.[1]
(第一次翻譯，有錯請指教)
流行性腮腺炎是高度[[傳染性]]、在擁擠人群中會迅速擴散的疾病。[4]這種病毒以[[飛沫傳染]]或直接接觸患者為其感染途徑，[1]並只能透過人類擴散。[2]病人在被感染後的首週就會開始互相傳染給其他人，而症狀大約在第八天開始出現。[5]病人被感染後基本上會終生免疫，[2]雖然有機會被再度感染，但症狀通常很輕微。[6]診斷通常以[[腮腺]]腫脹來判斷疑似感染，並透過[[腮腺管]]抹片以分離病毒來確認診斷，[1]血中IgM抗體的檢驗是簡單且有效的，然而已經免疫的病人可能會被誤判成偽陰性。[1]
Mumps is preventable by two doses of the mumps vaccine. Most of the developed world includes it in their immunization programs, often in combination with measles and rubella vaccine.[2] Countries that have low immunization rates may see an increase in cases among older age groups and thus worse outcomes.[3] There is no specific treatment.[2] Efforts involve controlling symptoms with pain medication such as acetaminophen. Intravenous immunoglobulin may be useful in certain complications.[3] Hospitalization may be required if meningitis or pancreatitis develops.[4][6] About one per ten thousand people who are infected die.[2]
腮腺炎是可藉由施打兩劑[[腮腺炎疫苗]]後獲得免疫能力的。大部分的[[已開發國家]]都會在他們的疫苗接種計畫中加入腮腺炎的針劑，多數國家會將腮腺炎疫苗與[[麻疹]]、[[德國麻疹]]疫苗結合一起施打[2]。在疫苗較不普及的地區，可以發現老年人口罹患腮腺炎的比例增加，也因為如此，常導致更糟糕的結果[3] 。對於腮腺炎，目前沒有特別針對性的療程[2]，包括使用[[止痛藥]]例如[[乙醯胺酚]]來緩減症狀。在相關的合併症的處理上，[[静脉注射免疫球蛋白]]可起到特別的效用[3]。若患者後續引發腦膜炎甚至胰臟炎的話，就有住院的必要性[4][6] 。大約有10000個患者中會有1人因為罹患此疾而死亡[2]。
Without immunization about 0.1 percent to one percent of the population are affected per year. Widespread vaccination has resulted in a more than 90 percent decline in rates of disease. Mumps is more common in the developing world where vaccination is less common.[7] Outbreaks, however, may still occur in a vaccinated population.[3] Before the introduction of a vaccine, mumps was a common childhood disease worldwide. Larger outbreaks of disease would typically occur every two to five years. Children between the ages of five and nine were most commonly affected.[2] Among immunized population often those in their early 20s are affected.[3] Around the equator it often occurs all year round while in the more northerly and southerly regions of the world it is more common in the winter and spring.[2] Painful swelling of the parotid glands and testicles were described by Hippocrates in the 5th century BCE.[1]
在沒有施打疫苗的情況下，每年約有0.1-1%的人類遭到感染。腮腺炎疫苗的普及使得感染人數降低了超過九成之多。腮腺炎多見於疫苗注射率較低的開發中國家[7] 。但即使有疫苗接踵的族群裡，仍有疫情爆發的可能[3]。腮腺炎疫苗問世前，此疾病曾是全世界常見的幼童傳染病，大規模的疫情爆發約二到五年會出現一次。5-9歲的幼童是主要感染群[2] 。對於有接受疫苗注射的人們而已，在20歲出頭的歲月是最可能遭受病毒感染攻擊的[3]。位處赤道附近的國家，一年四季都可能爆發疫情，但若是在更北或是更南方的地區與國家，感染高峰多在冬季與春季[2]。[[希波克拉底斯]]於西元前五世紀就已描述因此疾而造成的[[耳下腺]]腫脹所引起之吞嚥困難以及睪丸疼痛症狀[1]。