Wikipedia:WikiProject_Medicine/Translation_task_force/RTT/Simple_tetanus
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Tetanus, also known as lockjaw, is an infection characterized by muscle spasms. In the most common type the spasms begin in the jaw and then progresses to the rest of the body. These spasms usually last a few minutes each time and occur frequently for three to four weeks.[1] Spasms may be so severe that bone fractures may occur.[2] Other symptoms may include: fever, headache, trouble swallowing, high blood pressure, and a fast heart rate.[1][2] Onset of symptoms is typically three to twenty one days follow infection. It may take months to recover. About 10% of those infected die.[1]
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’’’破傷風’’’（{{Lang-en|Tetanus/Lockjaw}}）俗称’’’四六风’’’、’’’臍帶風’’’、’’’七日風’’’[補1]，起因是出自{{Link-en|破傷風梭狀芽胞桿菌|Clostridium tetani}}引起的[[感染]][1]，其明顯的特徵為[[痙攣|肌肉痙攣]]。最常見的痙攣型態從顎開始，接著進展到身體其餘部位。痙攣通常每次持續數分鐘，且在三到四周內頻繁發生。有些嚴重痙攣甚至會使患者[[骨折]][2]。其他症狀包括[[發熱|發燒]]、[[頭痛]]、吞嚥困難、[[高血壓]]、以及[[心跳過速]]。症狀通常在感染後3天至3周內發生，可能需要數個月康復，然而約10%的感染者會死亡[1]。
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Tetanus is caused by an infection with the bacteriaClostridium tetani.[1] The bacteria generally enter through a break in the skin such as a cut or puncture wound by a contaminated object. The bacteria is commonly found in soil, dust and manure.[3] The bacteria produces toxins that interfere with muscle contractions which results in the typical symptoms.[4] Diagnosis is based on the presenting signs and symptoms. The disease does not spread between people.[1]
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破傷風的病原體是{{Link-en|破傷風梭狀芽胞桿菌|Clostridium tetani}}[1]。感染到此疾病的原因，通常是由沾有細菌的物品 (如金屬銳器)對皮膚造成損傷（如切傷或穿刺傷），並同時將病原菌送至體內。此細菌通常存在於泥土、灰塵、以及糞便[3]。破傷風梭狀芽胞桿菌會產生[[毒素]]，干擾肌肉正常收縮的能力，並引起上述症狀[4]。診斷通常依賴患者述說的症狀及表現徵候，然而此疾病通常不會透過人與人之間的互動而傳染[1]。
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Infection can be prevented by proper immunization with the tetanus vaccine. In those who have a significant wound and less than three doses of the vaccine both immunization and tetanus immune globulin is recommended. In those who are infected tetanus immune globulin or if not available intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is used. The wound should be cleaned and any dead tissue removed.[1]Muscle relaxants may be used to control spasms. Mechanical ventilation may be required if a person’s breathing is affected.[4]
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感染可經過適當的{{link-en|接種|Immunization}}{{Link-en|破傷風疫苗|Tetanus_vaccine}}來預防。當傷者有顯著傷口，一般而言可用不到三個劑量的疫苗內含有免疫抗體和破傷風免疫球蛋白的{{Link-en|破傷風預防注射劑|Tetanus_immune_globulin}}來減輕感染破傷風的可能性。而對傷者也染上破傷風，破傷風預防注射劑或[[静脉注射免疫球蛋白|靜脈注射免疫球蛋白]]（{{lang-en|intravenous immunoglobulin, IVIG}}）可擇一使用。傷口應清洗並去除任何壞死組織[1]。[[肌肉鬆弛劑]]也可以用來控制痙攣。若病況影響到患者的呼吸，可能要使用{{Link-en|機械性換氣|Mechanical_ventilation}}[4]。
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Tetanus occurs in all parts of the world but is most frequent in hot and wet climates where the soil contains a lot of organic matter.[1] In 2013 it caused about 59,000 deaths – down from 356,000 in 1990.[5] Description of the disease by Hippocrates exist from at least as far back as the 5th century BCE. The cause of the disease was determined in 1884 with a vaccine being developed in 1924.[1]
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破傷風在全世界都可能發生，尤其以濕熱氣候的區域較常發生，因其泥土通常含有大量有機物質[1]，較適宜破傷風梭狀芽孢桿菌存活。在2013年，破傷風造成約59,000人死亡，比起1990年的356,000來的低[5]。根據[[希波克拉底]]描述，破傷風至少從西元前5世紀就存在，但直到1884年致病的病原菌才被發現，而1924年才發展出疫苗[1]。