茲卡熱手作坊

影片連結：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zika_virus_video_osmosis.webm

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• There are a lot of viruses out there that 
• can infect humans, but two things that can
• 很多病毒會感染人類
• 但真正可怕的是
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• get really alarming is when a virus spreads
• quickly and when it causes serious harm. Zika
• 可以快速散播，殺傷力強的病毒
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• virus has the potential to do both of these
• things, which is why it’s gotten a lot of
• 茲卡病毒恰好就是這樣
• 因此特別受到關注。
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• attention. Given this, it makes sense to understand
• a bit about Zika virus and the disease it
• 我們就來介紹茲卡病毒的成因
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• causes.
• 以及它所引發的病症。
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• Zika virus is an arbovirus, meaning it’s
• transmitted via certain arthropods, specifically
• 茲卡病毒是蟲媒病毒
• 由節肢動物傳染，
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• mosquitos, so it’s a mosquito-borne virus.
• Mosquito-borne doesn’t mean that the virus
• 尤其是蚊子。
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• is “born” in the mosquito, though, but
• it’s “borne”, with an ‘e’, which
• 病毒不是由蚊子產生
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• means carried or transported. Sometimes we
• call organisms like this “vectors”, where
• 而是由蚊子傳播，
• 所以蚊子稱為病媒動物。
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• all they do is transport the virus. So with
• Zika virus, just like other mosquito-borne
• 除了茲卡病毒以外，
• 蚊子傳播的病毒
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• viruses like dengue fever, yellow fever, Japanese
• encephalitis, and West Nile virus, the mosquito
• 還包括登革熱、黃熱病、日本腦炎
• 和西尼羅河病毒。
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• acts as a vector that transmits the virus
• from one person to the next. These viruses
• 蚊子四處傳播的這些病毒
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• are all in the genus flavivirus.
• 都屬於黃病毒。
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• In order to mature her offspring, female mosquitoes
• need a blood-meal, which they get from unsuspecting
• 為了繁殖，雌蚊需從宿主身上
• 吸食大量血液補充體力。
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• hosts. Mosquitoes find their blood-meals using
• chemical compounds that we and other organisms
• 蚊子要找到宿主吸血
• 得靠宿主身上排出的化合物
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• give off, like carbon dioxide, ammonia, lactic
• acid, and octenol. So when a mosquito that
• 例如二氧化碳、氨、
• 乳酸，和辛烯醇。因此，
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• also happens to be carrying the virus finds
• her meal and digs in, the virus infects the
• 帶病毒的蚊子找到目標
• 叮咬後，病毒便由此感染
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• human host and starts to multiply or reproduce
• within the human. With most flaviviruses though,
• 並在人的體內繁殖。
• 多數的黃病毒
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• the virus isn’t able to replicate enough
• in the human host to actually be able to reinfect
• 在人體內繁殖速度不夠快
• 不會傳給另一只蚊子，
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• another mosquito, and so the human is considered
• a dead-end-host. However, the Zika virus,
• 所以人是病毒的最終宿主。
• 不過茲卡病毒
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• along with yellow and dengue fever, is well
• enough adapted to human hosts such that they
• 跟黃熱病和登革熱一樣
• 容易適應人的體質，
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• can multiply to a point where it can re-infect
• another unsuspecting mosquito, which can then
• 所以繁殖迅速，
• 足以傳給另一只蚊子
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• go on to infect more people. This window lasts
• for the first week of infection during which
• 再傳給其他的人。
• 關鍵的階段就在感染後第一週，
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• the Zika virus can be found in the blood.
• So if humans with the disease can transmit
• 這時候病毒就在患者血液裡
• 很容易再傳回給蚊子，
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• back to mosquitoes then you can imagine that
• areas where there’re a lot of mosquitoes,
• 可想而知蚊子多的地方
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• would be a set-up for spreading the virus
• super quickly, right?
• 就是病毒最容易傳播的地方。
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• Now the Zika virus is transmitted via mosquitos
• in the Aedes genus. These blood thirsty little
• 茲卡病毒是以黑斑蚊為媒介。
• 這些愛吸血的小東西
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• guys can bite at night, but are mostly active
• during the daytime. Aedes mosquitoes are also
• 夜裡會盯人，白天更活耀。
• 黑斑蚊除了傳染茲卡病毒，
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• the same ones that transmit Chikungunya fever
• and dengue fever. When Aedes aegypti or Aedes
• 也傳染基孔肯亞熱和登革熱。
• 能傳染病菌的黑斑蚊有兩種，
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• albopictus, both species of Aedes mosquito,
• lands on your skin and sticks in it’s long
• 就是白紋伊蚊或埃及斑蚊。
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• nose—or proboscis, it pierces the epidermis
• which is the topmost layer, composed almost
• 它們以長喙刺穿表皮吸血，
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• entirely of keratinocytes. Keratinocytes basically
• serve to protect against foreign pathogens,
• 表皮是角質細胞組成的，
• 可以抵擋病原體，
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• and it’s typically pretty good at that.
• That proboscis though keeps going into the
• 通常可以有效防止病菌侵入。
• 但蚊子的喙卻能穿入真皮層，
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• dermis, since the epidermis just gets oxygen
• from the air and doesn’t have its own blood
• 因為表皮沒有血管，
• 能從空氣中直接吸收氧氣，
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• supply, whereas the dermis does, and this
• is what our mosquito’s after, right, the
• 真皮才有血管，
• 這才是蚊子的下手的目標。
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• blood meal. Since the proboscis goes through
• both the epidermal and dermal layers, the
• 既然黑斑蚊的喙
• 能穿透表皮和真皮，
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• cells in those layers are susceptible to infection
• by Zika virus. So in addition to keratinocytes,
• 這兩層的細胞都易感茲卡病毒。
• 研究更發現除了角質細胞以外，
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• fibroblasts, and dendritic cells have also
• been found to be permissive to Zika virus,
• 成纖維細胞和樹狀細胞也
• 很容易感染上茲卡病毒，
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• meaning they have some sort of receptor or
• attachment site that basically says, here
• 因為這些細胞表層
• 都有某種受體或連結位置
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• you go man, come on in.
• 可以讓病毒長驅直入。
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• Now we still don’t know everything about
• the Zika virus infection, but we do know that
• 目前我們對茲卡病毒
• 還不完全了解，但我們知道
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• when it enters the cell, it injects a single-stranded
• positive RNA strand. Positive means that this
• 它進入細胞時會注入
• 正單鏈RNA。正單鏈
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• piece of RNA’s a lot like our own mRNA;
• it’s basically ready to rock and get translated
• 和人體內的mRNA很相似
• 可以直接被轉為蛋白質
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• into proteins. The virus’s genome is translated
• by our own cellular machinery into more viruses.
• 病毒基因組透過
• 細胞機制轉為更多病毒
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• Eventually those cells-turned-virus-making-factories
• die, which actually ends up releasing more
• 最終受感染的細胞會凋亡
• 排放出更多病毒
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• viruses to infect more cells.
• 去感染其他細胞
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• As bleak as all that sounds, our immune system’s
• actually pretty good at fighting off Zika
• 雖然聽起來很脆弱，事實上
• 免疫系統很善於對抗茲卡病毒
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• virus, and only 1 in 5 get sick from infection,
• and the often the others won’t even notice
• 感染者只有五分之一會發病
• 其餘的甚至不會感覺異狀
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• they’ve been infected. Common symptoms when
• patients have them, are mild fever and skin
• 一般症狀
• 只是輕度發熱和起皮疹
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• rash, but some also experience muscle and
• joint pain, headaches, and conjunctivitis,
• 有些人會感到肌肉和關節痠痛
• 或是頭痛、結膜炎、或紅眼
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• or red eyes. The incubation period, or time
• from infection to symptoms isn’t known,
• 目前，還不知道從感染
• 到症狀出現的時間有多長
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• but it’s thought to be from a few days to
• a week.
• 但估計潛伏期為數天
• 到一個禮拜之間
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• Treatment usually just involves treating the
• symptoms, things like getting plenty of rest,
• 治療方法以紓解症狀為主
• 例如多休息
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• drinking fluids to prevent dehydration, and
• taking medicine like acetaminophen to help
• 多喝水避免脫水
• 以及服用乙酰氨酚等藥物
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• reduce pain and fever.
• 幫助減低疼痛和退燒
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• Okay so we’ve hit the “spreads quickly”
• part, which really matters most in places
• 以上說的是茲卡病毒傳播迅速
• 這在蚊子多的地方，特別重要
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• with lots of mosquitoes, but what about the
• “causes serious harm” part? Well, although
• 現在要來解釋
• 它的強大殺傷力了
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• it causes mild symptoms in adults, there’s
• more to the story. In October 2015, in areas
• 一般成人感染後症狀雖不嚴重
• 但問題不只於此。2015年10月
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• of Brazil where Zika virus has been circulated
• quite a bit, public health officials noticed
• 病毒在巴西廣泛傳染
• 公共衛生官員注意到
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• a significant increase in babies born with
• microcephaly, which is when a child is born
• 嬰兒小腦症的病例明顯增加
• 也就是：嬰兒出生時頭部特別小
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• with an abnormally small head and therefore
• abnormally small brain size; this has the
• 因此影響到腦部大小
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• tendency to cause serious neurological and
• intellectual deficits, seizures, as well as
• 這會導致神經和智能上的缺陷
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• vision or hearing problems. It was noticed
• that there was a huge increase in babies with
• 癲癇、以及視覺或聽覺的障礙
• 巴西茲卡病毒蔓延地區
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• microcephaly—up to a 20-fold increase—among
• 嬰兒小腦症的病例
• 增加了二十倍
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• As of November 2015, the European Center for
• Disease Control has stated that it’s plausible
• 2015年11月
• 歐洲疾病預防控制中心已經聲明
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• the Zika virus is able to cause microcephaly
• in the developing fetus or newborn, as the
• 茲卡病毒可能造成
• 胎兒或新生兒罹患小腦症
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• Zika virus can be transmitted from mother
• to baby during pregnancy or around the time
• 因為病毒會經由母親
• 在懷孕期或生產時傳染給胎兒
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• of birth, although it’s not yet known how
• often this happens or how exactly the Zika
• 只是現在還不能確定
• 傳染的發生機率
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• virus is linked to microcephaly.
• 以及病毒和小腦症的直接關聯
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• In addition to being spread mostly by mosquito
• bites, and in some cases from mother to child,
• 除了透過蚊蟲叮咬
• 以及經由母體傳給胎兒之外
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• Zika virus has also been reported to spread
• through both blood transfusions and sexual
• 也有報導說茲卡病毒
• 能藉由血液和性接觸傳染
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• contact.
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• Currently, there’s no vaccine for Zika virus,
• so it’s highly advised to take precautions
• 目前還沒有疫苗能對抗茲卡
• 所以強烈建議大眾提高警覺
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• when traveling to areas of outbreak, mostly
• limiting mosquito bites, so doing things like
• 到病情嚴重地區旅遊
• 盡可能避免被蚊子叮咬
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• wearing bug spray all day, or wearing long-sleeve
• shirts and pants, especially during the day
• 全天都要噴抹防蚊液
• 或穿長袖衣褲
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• when the Aedes mosquitoes are most active.
• If infected, it’s especially important to
• 尤其是在黑斑蚊活躍的時候
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• avoid mosquitoes to avoid spreading Zika virus
• to others, especially in that first week of
• 萬一被感染，更要避開蚊子
• 以免再將病毒傳染給他人
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• symptoms. The World Health Organization currently
• suggests pregnant women consult their doctor
• 特別是出現症狀的第一週
• 世衛組織也建議懷孕婦女
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• or travel clinic for guidance
• and recommendations.
• 諮詢醫師，聽取建議。