<名人名病> (此部分為趣聞，不會放在維基本文內)
湯姆克魯斯：「我試著集中注意力，但讀完一頁後，我還是不知道我讀的是什麼...」
湯姆克魯斯7歲就被診斷出閱讀障礙，常常把字母搞混、閱讀速度很慢、連字典都不知從何查起。成為演員後，因為無法透過閱讀劇本來了解劇情，所以只能和導演一直討論片中的情節，進而揣摩角色的心情...
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Dyslexia, also known as reading disorder or alexia,[2] is a learning difficulty characterised by trouble reading despite a normalintelligence.[3] Different people are affected to different degrees.[2] Problems may include sounding out words, spelling words,reading quickly, writing words, pronouncing words when reading aloud, and understanding what was read.[2][4] Often these difficulties are first noticed at school.[5] The difficulties are not voluntary and people with this disorder have a normal desire tolearn.[2]
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’’’讀寫障礙’’’，或稱為’’’閱讀障礙’’’或是’’’失讀症’’’（{{lang-en|dylexia、reading disorder、或alexia}}）[2]，是一種學習困難的表現，主要的表徵是即便具有常人的[[智商]]，但對於[[閱讀]]和書寫文字具有困難[2]。症狀的嚴重程度因人而異[1]。其他的症狀包括難以唸出字詞，難以{{link-en|拼出單字|spelling}}，無法專注{{link-en|閱讀|reading}}，難以連續{{link-en|書寫|handwriting}}以及無法在閱讀時清楚唸出字詞，或是無法理解閱讀的內容[2][4]。這些症狀最先往往在學校時發現[5]。這些讀寫上的困難，並不是患者自己可以控制的，讀寫障礙患者對於[[學習]]的渴望，通常與常人並無二致[2]。
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The cause of dyslexia is believed to involve both genetic and environmental factors.[5] Some cases run in families.[2] It occurs more often in people with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and is associated with problems with math.[5] When the condition begins in adults it may be the result of a traumatic brain injury, stroke, or dementia.[3] The underlying mechanism involves problems with the brain’s processing of language.[2] Diagnosis is by a series of tests of a person’s memory, spelling, ability to see, and reading skills.[6] It is separate from reading difficulties due to poor teaching, or hearing or vision problems.[5]
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一般認為，先天[[基因]]因素與後天環境因素，都同時是造成讀寫困難的原因[5]。有些則看似與家族史相關[2]。罹患[[注意力不足過動症|注意力失調症]]（{{lang-en|attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD}}）的患者，通常也較容易發生讀寫障礙，且往往{{link-en|難以處理數學學科|dyscalculia|算術障礙}}[5]。如果成人開始出現相關症狀，也許是{{link-en|腦部創傷|Traumatic brain injury}}、[[中風]]或[[失智症]]所導致[3]。相關的病理機制與大腦處理語言的過程有關[2]。診斷過程包括了檢測患者的記憶、拼字能力、視力和閱讀技巧等[6]。診斷的過程中需先排除因為未受[[閱讀教育]]或閱讀教育品質不良所導致的閱讀困難，或是患者可能具有的視聽障礙[5]。
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Treatment usually involves adjusting teaching methods to meet the persons needs.[3] While this does not cure the underlying problem difficulties can be lessened.[7] Treatments aimed at vision are not effective.[8] Dyslexia is the most common learning disability.[9] It affects about 3% to 7% of people.[10][5] While it is diagnosed more often in males,[5] some believed it affects males and females equally.[9] Up to 20% of the population may have some degree of symptoms.[11] Dyslexia occurs in all areas of the world.[5]
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治療通常包括了依據患者的需求，調整教學的方法[3]。即便這無法治療造成疾病的原因，但讀寫困難的情況會有所改善[7]。對於視力的治療並不奏效[8]。讀寫障礙是最常見的[[學習障礙]][9]，在一般族群中，影響3%~7%的人[5][10]。常見確診為男性患者[5]，但部分研究認為讀寫障礙並無性別差異[9]。在一般的族群中，也有將近20%的人有程度不一的症狀[11]。讀寫障礙也並無地緣差異[5]。
Blurring and doubling are two common types of visual stress experienced by dyslexics.[1]
閱讀障礙者眼中的書籍文字，常為模糊不清或失去焦點的景象