引言位置：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Medicine/Translation_task_force/RTT/Simple_melanoma
中文條目：https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E8%89%B2%E7%B4%A0%E7%98%A4
Melanoma (i/ˌmɛləˈnoʊmə/), also known as malignant melanoma, is a type of cancer that develops from the pigment-containing cells known as melanocytes.[1] Typically they occur in the skin but may rarely occur in the mouth, intestines, or eye.[1][2] In women they most commonly occur on the legs, while in men they are most common on back.[2] Sometimes they develop from a mole with concerning changes including an increase in size, irregular edges, change in color, itchiness, or skin breakdown.[1]
黑色素瘤，又稱惡性黑色素瘤，是一種從黑色素細胞發展而來的癌症.[1]。好發於皮膚但也可能出現在口腔內、腸道或眼睛[1][2]。女性患者的黑色素瘤最常出現在腿，而男性患者則最常出現在背部[2]。有時黑色素瘤是由痣轉變發展而來，有這種轉變的痣外觀上的改變包括尺寸變大、邊緣變得不規則、顏色改變、發癢、或皮膚破壞[1]。
The primary cause of melanoma is ultraviolet light (UV) exposure in those with low levels of skin pigment.[2][3] The UV light may be from either the Sun or from tanning devices. About 25% develop from moles.[2] Those with many moles, a history of affected family members, and who have poor immune function are at greater risk.[1] A number of rare genetic defects such as xeroderma pigmentosum also increase risk.[4] Diagnosis is by biopsy of any concerning skin lesion.[1]
對於皮膚色素較少的人而言，[[紫外線]]暴露是造成黑色素瘤的主因[2][3]。太陽或日曬床都是可能的紫外線來源。大約有25%的黑色素瘤是從痣發展而來[2]。有很多痣、家中曾有人得過黑色素瘤，以及免疫力低下的人，罹患黑色素瘤的風險都較高[4]。一些罕見的基因缺陷，例如著色姓乾皮症，也會增加罹患的風險[4]。診斷方法是對可疑的皮膚病變部位進行切片檢查[1]。
Avoiding UV light as well as and the use of sunscreen may prevent melanoma.[2] Treatment is typically removal by surgery. In those with slightly larger cancers nearby lymph nodes may be tested for spread. Most people are cured if spread has not occured. In those in whom melanoma has spread immunotherapy, biologic therapy, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy may improve survival.[1] With treatment the five-year survival rates in the United States is 98% among those with localized disease and 17% among those in whom spread has occured.[5] The likelihood that it will come back or spread depends how thick the melanoma is, how fast the cells are dividing, and whether or not the overlying skin has broken down.[2]
避免紫外線暴露以及使用防曬油可以預防黑色素瘤的產生[2]。治療方法通常是手術切除。對於黑色素瘤較大的病患，鄰近的淋巴結可能會被檢測以偵測是否發生轉移。若沒有轉移的話大部分的病患可被治癒。對於黑色素瘤已發生轉移的病患，免疫療法、生物性治療、放射線治療或化學治療可能可以增加存活率[1]。在美國，病患接受治療後，局部病變的患者5年存活率為98%，已發生轉移的患者5年存活率則為17%[5]。復發或轉移的可能性取決於該黑色素瘤的厚度、細胞分裂速度、以及覆蓋其上的皮膚是否被破壞[2]。
Melanoma is the most dangerous type of skin cancer. Globally, in 2012, it occurred in 232,000 people and resulted in 55,000 deaths. Australia and New Zealand have the highest rates of melanoma in the world. There are also high rates in Europe and North America while it is less common in Asia, Africa, and Latin America.[2] They are more common in men than women.[4] Melanoma has become more common since the 1960s in areas that are mostly Caucasian.[2][4]
黑色素瘤是皮膚癌當中最危險的一種。2012年全球有232,000人罹患黑色素瘤，並造成55,000人死亡。澳洲和紐西蘭的黑色素瘤發生率為全球最高。歐洲和北美洲也有高發生率，但在亞洲、非洲和拉丁美洲，發生率則較低[2]。男性得病的比例高於女性[4]。1960年代以來，黑色素瘤在以白人為主的區域變得越來越常見[2][4]。
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黑色素瘤是一種主要在皮膚的惡性黑色素細胞腫瘤。是皮膚癌中罕見的一種，但惡性程度高，是皮膚癌的主要死亡原因之一[1]。目前唯一有效的治療方法是在腫瘤厚度小於1毫米時手術切除腫瘤[2] 。