無國界譯者翻譯

{{Infobox disease

|Name = Tuberculosis

|Image = Tuberculosis-x-ray-1. jpg

|Caption = 一位重度结核病人的胸部 [[X光线]]  白色箭头指向的是两肺内的感染。黑色箭头指向的是一个已形成的空腔。

|DiseasesDB = 8515

|ICD10 = {{ICD10|A|15||a|15}}–{{ICD10|A|19||a|15}}

|ICD9 = {{ICD9|010}}–{{ICD9|018}}

|ICDO =

|OMIM = 607948

|MedlinePlus = 000077

|MedlinePlus_mult = {{MedlinePlus2|000624}}

|eMedicineSubj = med

|eMedicineTopic = 2324

|eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|emerg|618}} {{eMedicine2|radio|411}}

|MeshID = D014376

}}

"肺结核,""MTB,"或"TB"(’[[ 芽孢(状)杆菌|芽孢杆菌]]结节的简称) 是一种常见的、在许多病例中致死的[[传染病]]。此病由  [[分枝杆菌|分枝杆菌]]的几种分型引起, 最常见的是 ’’[Mycobacterium tuberculosis结核分枝杆菌]]’’.<ref name=Robbins>{{cite book |author=Kumar V, Abbas AK, Fausto N, Mitchell RN |year=2007 |title=Robbins Basic Pathology |edition=8th |publisher=Saunders Elsevier |pages=516–522 |isbn=978-1-4160-2973-1}}</ref> 结核通常造成 [[肺]]部感染, 但也会感染身体的其他部分。结核经由空气传染,通过活动性结核病人咳嗽、打喷嚏,或唾液在空气中传播。<ref name=AP>{{cite journal|author=Konstantinos A |year=2010|title=Testing for tuberculosis |journal=Australian Prescriber |volume= 33 |issue=1|pages=12–18 |url= http://www. australianprescriber。com/magazine/33/1/12/18/}}</ref> 大多数感染表现为 [[无症状性的]]和潜伏性的。但约十分之一的潜伏感染最终会进展到活动性病症。不经治疗的结核会引起超过50%的感染者死亡。

活动性结核感染的典型症状是[[咳嗽|慢性咳嗽]]及[[咯血|血色]] [[痰]],[[发烧]],[[夜间盗汗]],和[[体重减轻]]。 (结核过去在英文中称为"消症",因为感染者会体重减轻。结核对其他器官的感染而导致的症状很广。活动性结核病的[[医疗诊断|诊断]]依靠 [[肺结核放射学|放射学]] (俗称[[胸部 x 光]]) ,及对体液的显微镜检查和[[微生物培养]]。潜伏性结核的诊断依赖于[[结核菌皮内试验|结核菌素皮肤试验]](TST)和血液检验。[[结核病治疗|治疗]]很困难,需要长时间使用多种抗生素。平时交往的人群也须经过甄别,如有必要时也要接受治疗。在[[耐多药结核病|多重耐药结核病]](MDR-TB) 感染的情况,[[抗生素耐药]]的问题日益严重。要防止结核病,必须对人群进行疾病筛查和可与[[接种]][[卡介苗|卡氏介氏芽孢杆菌]]疫苗(BCG)。

专家相信,有三分之一的[[世界人口]]受到’结核分枝杆菌的感染,<ref name=WHO2012data>{{cite web|url=http://www. who. int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs104/en/index. html|title=Tuberculosis Fact sheet N°104|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]|date=November 2010|accessdate=26 July 2011}}</ref> 而新发感染的发生率是每秒钟一起。<ref name=WHO2012data/> 2007年, 全球预计有1370万活动性的慢性结核病例。<ref name=WHO2009-Epidemiology>{{cite book |title=Global tuberculosis control: epidemiology, strategy, financing |author=World Health Organization |year=2009 |isbn=978-92-4-156380-2|chapter=Epidemiology|chapterurl=http://who. int/entity/tb/publications/global_report/2009/pdf/chapter1. pdf |accessdate=12 November 2009 |pages=6–33}}</ref> 2010年估计有8800万例新感染、及1500万相关死亡病例,大部分都发生在 [[发展中国家|发展中国家]]。<ref name=WHO2011>{{cite web|title=The sixteenth global report on tuberculosis|author=World Health Organization|url=http: //www. who. int/tb/publications/global_report/2011/gtbr11_executive_summary. pdf|year=2011}}</ref>自 2006 年以来,肺结核病例的绝对数量一直在下降,新病例自 2002 年以来已在减少。<ref name=WHO2011/> 肺结核在全球的分布并不均匀。在许多亚洲和非洲国家的人口中进行的结核菌素试验,结果阳性的都在80%以上,但只有5-10%的美国人口测试结果阳性。<ref name=Robbins/> [[发展中国家|发展中世界]]人群感染结核会较多的原因是免疫力缺乏。通常情况下,这些人群感染结核都是因为他们感染了 [[艾滋病毒]] 并发展成了[[艾滋病]]。< ref name =Lancet11/ >

= = 体征和症状 = = [[

File:Tuberculosis symptoms. svg|thumb|各型及各期结核的主要症状是确定的。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www. emedicinehealth. com/tuberculosis/page3_em. htm|title=Tuberculosis Symptoms|publisher=[[eMedicine]]Health|author=Schiffman G|date=15 January 2009}}</ref> 许多症状在各型结核中是相同的,但有些症状是某些变体的特定(但不完全特定)症状。多个变体可以同时存在。]]约 5-10%没有艾滋病但感染了结核病的病者

在生前会发展为活动性结核。<ref name=Pet2005>{{cite book|last=al.]|first=edited by Peter G. Gibson ; section editors, Michael Abramson . . . [et|title=Evidence-based respiratory medicine|year=2005|publisher=Blackwell|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-7279-1605-1|pages=321|url=http://books. google. ca/books?id=sDIKJ1s9wEQC&pg=PA321|edition=1. publ. }}</ref>相比之下,同时感染了艾滋和结核的人群有30%会发展成活动性结核。< 名称 ref =Pet2005/ >结核病可以感染身体的任何一部分,但它最常见于肺部 (称为肺结核)。< ref ref =ID10/ >当结核在肺部以外发生时即发展为肺外结核。肺外结核也可以与肺结核共存。< ref name =ID10/ >一般性的症状及体征包括 [[发烧]]、[[寒战 (医学名称)|发冷]]、[[夜间盗汗]]、[[消食|胃口不振]]、[[体重降低]],和[[疲乏(医学名称) |倦怠]];<ref name=ID10/> 还可以发生严重的 [[手指肥大]] 症状。<ref name=Pet2005/>

===肺部===

结核变为活动性时有90%发生在肺部。<ref name=Lancet11/><ref>{{cite book|last=Behera|first=D. |title=Textbook of pulmonary medicine|year=2010|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Pub.|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-8448-749-7|pages=457|url=http: //books. google.ca/books? id=0TbJjd9eTp0C&pg=PA457|edition=2nd ed. }}</ref>症状可包括 [[胸痛]]和慢性咳嗽咳痰。<! — — < ref name = Lancet11 / >--> 约 25%的人没有任何症状(也就是说,他们保持"无症状"感染)。<ref name=Lancet11/ >偶尔患者会出现少量 [[咯血|咳血]]。罕见的病例中,感染可以深入[[肺动脉]]而引起大出血,即[[拉氏动脉瘤]]。<! — — < ref name= ID10 / >--> 结核病可以成为慢性病症,导致肺上叶广泛结痂。<! — — < ref name= ID10 / >--> 肺上叶受影响较多,<ref name=ID10/ >,原因不详。<ref name="Robbins"/>上肺受损多的原因或许氏由于空气流量较好<ref name="Robbins"/>或[[淋巴]]排泄较差。<ref name=ID10/>

===肺外===

 有15–20%的活动性结核会扩散到呼吸器官以外,引起各种其它结核。 <ref>{{cite book|last=Jindal|first=editor-in-chief SK|title=Textbook of pulmonary and critical care medicine|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-93-5025-073-0|pages=549|url=http://books. google. ca/books?id=EvGTw3wn-zEC&pg=PA549}}</ref> 发生在呼吸器官以外的结核病被称为"肺外结核病"。<ref name=Extra2005>{{cite journal|pmid=16300038|year=2005|author=Golden MP, Vikram HR|title=Extrapulmonary tuberculosis: an overview|volume=72|issue=9|pages=1761–8|journal=American family physician}}</ref> 肺外结核病更通常发生在[[免疫抑制]]人群和幼儿中。超过50%的艾滋病者患有肺外结核。<ref name=Extra2005/> 值得注意的肺外感染地点包括[[胸膜]] (结核性胸膜炎) 、[[中枢神经系统]](结核性[[脑膜炎]]) 和[[淋巴系统]](脖子的[[瘰疬]])。肺外结核也发生在[[泌尿生殖系统]] ([[泌尿生殖道结核]]) 、骨骼和关节 (脊椎结核[[波特病]]),及其他部位。结核扩散到骨头时也称"骨结核病",<ref>{{cite book|last=Kabra|first=[edited by] Vimlesh Seth, S. K. |title=Essentials of tuberculosis in children|year=2006|publisher=Jaypee Bros. Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-8061-709-6|pages=249|url=http://books. google. ca/books?id=HkH0YbyBHDQC&pg=PA249|edition=3rd ed. }}</ref>是[[骨髓炎]] 的一种。<ref name="Robbins"/>更严重、传播广泛的一种结核形式叫做"传播性"结核,俗称 [[粟粒型结核]]. <ref name=ID10/>粟粒性结核在肺外型结核中占10%。<ref name=Gho2008/ >

= =病因 = =

= = = 分枝杆菌 = = =

[[File:Mycobacterium tuberculosis. jpg|thumb|[[扫描电子显微镜]]’[[分枝杆菌肺结核]]]]

结核病的主要病因是’ [[结核分枝杆菌]] ,一种微小的、[[好氧生物|有氧的]]非游走型 [[芽孢杆菌]]。<ref name=ID10>{{cite book|last=Dolin|first=[edited by] Gerald L. Mandell, John E. Bennett, Raphael|title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s principles and practice of infectious diseases|year=2010|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-0-443-06839-3|pages=Chapter 250|edition=7th}}</ref> 许多此病原的特征性临床表现与其较高的[[]] 含量有关。 <ref>{{cite book|author=Southwick F |title=Infectious Diseases: A Clinical Short Course, 2nd ed. |publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing Division |date=10 December 2007 |pages=313–4 |chapter=Chapter 4: Pulmonary Infections |page=104|url=http://pharma-books. blogspot. com/2009/01/infectious-disease-clinical-short. html |isbn=0-07-147722-5}}</ref> 结核分枝杆菌每16到20小时进行一次 [[细胞分裂|分裂]] ,这个速度相比其他的细菌来是缓慢的,其它细菌通常在不到一个小时内就会进行分裂。<ref>{{cite book|last=Jindal|first=editor-in-chief SK|title=Textbook of pulmonary and critical care medicine|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-93-5025-073-0|pages=549|url=http://books. google. ca/books?id=rAT1bdnDakAC&pg=PA525}}</ref> 分枝杆菌的[[细菌细胞结构|外膜]]有脂双层。<ref name=Niederweis2010>{{cite journal |author=Niederweis M, Danilchanka O, Huff J, Hoffmann C, Engelhardt H |title=Mycobacterial outer membranes: in search of proteins |journal=Trends in Microbiology |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=109–16 |year=2010 |month=March |pmid=20060722 |pmc=2931330|doi=10. 1016/j. tim. 2009. 12. 005}}</ref> [[革兰氏染色]]下分枝结核杆菌会显示很微弱的"革兰氏阳性"或染不上染料,因为其细胞壁含有高度的[[脂质]]和[[分枝酸]]。<ref name=Madison_2001>{{cite journal |author=Madison B |title=Application of stains in clinical microbiology |journal=Biotech Histochem |volume=76 |issue=3 |pages=119–25 |year=2001 |pmid=11475314 |doi=10. 1080/714028138}}</ref>分枝结核杆菌可以承受低浓度的[[消毒剂]], 并能在[[芽孢|干燥状态]]下生存数周。自然界中,此菌只能在 [[主体 (生物学)|主体]]有机体的细胞内生长,但分枝结核杆菌在[[在体外| 在实验室]]环境下培植。<ref name=Parish_1999>{{cite journal |author=Parish T, Stoker N |title=Mycobacteria: bugs and bugbears (two steps forward and one step back) |jo

urnal=Molecular Biotechnology |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=191–200 |year=1999| pmid=10934532 |doi = 10. 1385 / MB:13:3:191}}</ref>

通过对[[咳出]]的[[痰]]样品使用[[组织学|组织学]]染色 ,科学家可以在 (光学) 普通显微镜下识别分枝结核杆菌。(痰也称为"痰")。分支结核杆菌即使在用酸性溶液处理后也能保持一定的染色液,所以被列为 [[抗酸杆菌]](AFB)。<ref name=Robbins/><ref name="Madison_2001"/> 两种抗酸染色技术最为常见:[[Ziehl–Neelsen抗酸染色]]将抗酸杆菌染为明亮的红色,在蓝色的背景下很鲜明;<ref name=Stain2000>{{cite book |author= |title=Medical Laboratory Science: Theory and Practice|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill |location=New Delhi |year=2000 |pages=473 |isbn=0-07-463223-X|url=http://books. google. ca/books?id=lciNs3VQPLoC&pg=PA473}}</ref> 以及 [[萤光染色]] 后进行[[萤光显微镜|萤光显微镜学]]分析。<ref>{{cite book|last=Piot|first=editors, Richard D. Semba, Martin W. Bloem; foreword by Peter|title=Nutrition and health in developing countries|year=2008|publisher=Humana Press|location=Totowa, NJ|isbn=978-1-934115-24-4|pages=291|url=http://books. google.ca/books? id=RhH6uSQy7a4C&pg=PA291|edition=2nd ed. }}</ref> ’分枝杆菌结核综合体’(MTBC) 包括其他四个引起结核的[[分枝杆菌|分枝杆菌]]:"[[牛型结核分枝杆菌|M.bovis]]"、"[[非洲结核分枝杆菌|M.africanum]]"、"[[canetti分枝杆菌|M.canetti]]"和" [[microti分枝杆菌 |M.microti]]。”<ref>{{cite journal |author=van Soolingen D |title=A novel pathogenic taxon of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, Canetti: characterization of an exceptional isolate from Africa |journal=International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=1236–45 |year=1997 |pmid=9336935|doi=10. 1099/00207713-47-4-1236 |author-separator=, |display-authors=1 |last2=Hoogenboezem |first2=T. |last3=De Haas|first3=P. E. W. |last4=Hermans |first4=P. W. M. |last5=Koedam |first5=M. A. |last6=Teppema |first6=K. S. |last7=Brennan|first7=P. J. |last8=Besra |first8=G. S. |last9=Portaels |first9=F. }}</ref> “M. africanum” 的传播并不广,但在非洲的部分地区是引起结核的重要病因。<ref>{{cite journal |author=Niemann S |title=Mycobacterium africanum Subtype II Is Associated with Two Distinct Genotypes and Is a Major Cause of Human Tuberculosis in Kampala, Uganda|journal=J. Clin. Microbiol. |volume=40 |issue=9 |pages=3398–405 |year=2002 |pmid=12202584 |pmc=130701|doi=10. 1128/JCM. 40. 9. 3398-3405. 2002 |author-separator=, |display-authors=1 

|last2=Rusch-Gerdes |first2=S. |last3=Joloba|first3=M. L. |last4=Whalen |first4=C. C. |last5=Guwatudde |first5=D. |last6=Ellner |first6=J. J. |last7=Eisenach|first7=K. |last8=Fumokong |first8=N. |last9=Johnson |first9=J. L. }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Niobe-Eyangoh SN|title=Genetic Biodiversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex Strains from Patients with Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Cameroon |journal=J. Clin. Microbiol. |volume=41 |issue=6 |pages=2547–53 |year=2003 |pmid=12791879 |pmc=156567|doi=10. 1128/JCM. 41. 6. 2547-2553. 2003 |author-separator=, |display-authors=1 |last2=Kuaban |first2=C. |last3=Sorlin|first3=P. |last4=Cunin |first4=P. |last5=Thonnon |first5=J. |last6=Sola |first6=C. |last7=Rastogi |first7=N. |last8=Vincent |first8=V. |last9=Gutierrez |first9=M. C. }}</ref> “牛型结核杆菌 M. bovis” 曾经是结核的常见病因, 但由于 [[巴氏消毒|巴氏消毒牛奶]] 的使用,此病菌在发达国家已不构成公共卫生威胁。<ref name=Robbins/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Thoen C, Lobue P, de Kantor I |title=The importance of’’Mycobacterium bovis’’ as a zoonosis |journal=Vet. Microbiol. |volume=112 |issue=2–4 |pages=339–45 |year=2006|pmid=16387455 |doi=10. 1016/j. vetmic. 2005. 11. 047}}</ref> “M. canetti” 较少见,似乎只见于 [[非洲的合恩角]], 但在非洲移民中也出现过少数病例。<ref>{{cite book|last=Acton|first=Q. Ashton|title=Mycobacterium Infections: New Insights for the Healthcare Professional|year=2011|publisher=ScholarlyEditions|isbn=978-1-4649-0122-5|pages=1968|url=http://books. google. ca/books?id=g2iFfV6uEuAC&pg=PA1968}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Pfyffer|first=GE|coauthors=Auckenthaler, R, van Embden, JD, van Soolingen, D|title=Mycobacterium canettii, the smooth variant of M. tuberculosis, isolated from a Swiss patient exposed in Africa. |journal=Emerging infectious diseases|date=1998 Oct-Dec|volume=4|issue=4|pages=631-4|pmid=9866740}}</ref> “M. microti” 也较少见,大多见于有免疫缺陷的人群,但此病原可能比我们想象的要多见。<ref>{{cite journal|last=Panteix|first=G|coauthors=Gutierrez, MC, Boschiroli, ML, Rouviere, M, Plaidy, A, Pressac, D, Porcheret, H, Chyderiotis, G, Ponsada, M, Van Oorte

gem, K, Salloum, S, Cabuzel, S, Bañuls, AL, Van de Perre, P, Godreuil, S|title=Pulmonary tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium microti: a study of six recent cases in France. |journal=Journal of medical microbiology|date=2010 Aug|volume=59|issue=Pt 8|pages=984-9|pmid=20488936}}</ref> 

其它已知的病原性分枝杆菌包括 “[[Mycobacterium leprae|M. leprae]]、” “[[Mycobacterium avium complex|M. avium]]” 和 “[[Mycobacterium kansasii|M. kansasii]]。” M.avium及M.kansasii被称为[[非结核型分枝杆菌]](NTM)。非结核型分枝杆菌并不引起结核或[[麻疯病]],但会引起与结核症状类似的肺部疾病。<ref name=ALA_1997>{{cite journal |title=Diagnosis and treatment of disease caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria. This official statement of the American Thoracic Society was approved by the Board of Directors, March 1997. Medical Section of the American Lung Association |journal=Am J Respir Crit Care Med |volume=156 |issue=2 Pt 2 |pages=S1–25 |year=1997 |pmid = 9279284 |author=American Thoracic Society }}</ref>