英文條目：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ectopic_pregnancy
中文條目：https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%95%B0%E4%BD%8D%E5%A6%8A%E5%A8%A0
（原中文條目，歡迎參酌引用）
Ectopic pregnancy, also known as eccyesis or tubal pregnancy, is a complication of pregnancy in which the embryo attaches outside the uterus(子宫).[1] Signs and symptoms classically include abdominal pain(腹痛) and vaginal bleeding. Less than 50 percent of women have both of these symptoms. The pain may be described as sharp, dull, or crampy. Pain may also spread to the shoulder if bleeding into the abdomen has occurred.[2] Severe bleeding may result in a fast heart rate(心跳过速), fainting(昏厥), or shock(休克).[1][2] With very rare exceptions the fetus(胎兒) is unable to survive.[3]
’’’異位妊娠’’’也稱為’’’子宮外孕’’’，是指[[胚胎]]在[[子宮]]以外部位著床的[[懷孕併發症]][1]，典型症狀和體徵有[[腹痛]]及[[陰道出血]]，，上述二種症狀都有的女性比例小於50%。腹痛的特點是为刺痛、悶痛或是絞痛，若出血擴散到腹腔，可能肩膀也會痛[2]。若嚴重出血，可能會有[[心跳过速]]、[[昏厥]]或[[休克]]的症狀[1][2]。異位妊娠的[[胎兒]]存活的機率很低[3]。
Risk factors for ectopic pregnancy include: pelvic inflammatory disease(骨盆腔發炎), often due to Chlamydia infection, tobacco smoking(吸菸), prior tubal surgery, a history of infertility(不孕), and the use of assisted reproductive technology. Those who have previously had an ectopic pregnancy are at much higher risk of having another one. Most ectopic pregnancies (90%) occur in theFallopian tube(输卵管) which are known as tubal pregnancies.[4] Implantation can also occur on the cervix(子宮頸), ovaries(卵巢), or within the abdomen(腹).[2] Detection of ectopic pregnancy is typically by blood tests for human chorionic gonadotropin(人绒毛膜促性腺激素) (hCG) and ultrasound(超聲波). This may require testing on more than one occasion. Ultrasound works best when performed from within the vagina. Other causes of similar symptoms include: miscarriage(流产), ovarian torsion, and acute appendicitis(闌尾炎).[2]
子宮外孕的危險因子包括：通常與[[衣原體感染]]相關的[[骨盆腔發炎]]、[[吸菸]]、曾經施行過輸卵管手術、[[不孕]]、曾經接受過[[人工授孕]]的處置。過去曾經有子宮外孕病史的婦女有較高的機率再次子宮外孕。九成以上的子宮外孕發生在[[輸卵管]]，又稱作為輸卵管外孕[4]。著床的位置也可能發生在[[子宮頸]]、[[卵巢]]，甚至是[[腹部]][2]。一般經由檢測血液中的[[人類絨毛膜促性腺激素]]，並搭配[[超音波]]來做診斷。為了確定診斷，可能需要重複檢驗多次。陰道超音波影像檢查所得到的影像會更為清晰。相關子宮外孕的症狀包括：[[流產]]、[[卵巢扭轉]]和[[急性闌尾炎]][2]。
Prevention is by decreasing risk factors such as chlamydia infections through screening and treatment.[5] While some ectopic pregnancies will resolve without treatment, this approach has not been well studied as of 2014. The use of the medicationmethotrexate(氨甲蝶呤) works as well as surgery in some cases. Specifically it works well when the beta-HCG(人绒毛膜促性腺激素)is low and the size of the ectopic is small. Surgery is still typically recommended if the tube has ruptured, there is a fetal heartbeat, or the person’s vital signs(生命徵象) are unstable.[4] The surgery may be laparoscopic or through a larger incision, known as alaparotomy.[1] Outcomes are generally good with treatment.[4]
預防子宮外孕的方式，便是減少各種可能的危險因子，像是藉由篩檢和治療，避免衣原體的感染[5]。雖然有部分的子宮外孕會自行被吸收而毫無症狀，但這部分的案例一直到2014年都未能被清楚研究。使用葉酸拮抗劑MTX(氨甲蝶呤)來治療部分子宮外孕有效。這一類的子宮外孕[[人類絨毛膜促性腺激素]]濃度通常較低，形成外孕的胚胎也相對較小。一般而言，對於輸卵管已經破裂或胎兒已有心跳等[[生命徵象]]時，手術還是主要治療方式[4]。手術可能以[[腹腔鏡]]進行或[[剖腹手術]]進行[1]。治療效果一般而言都相當良好[4]。
The rate of ectopic pregnancy is about 1 and 2% that of live births in developed countries, though it may be as high as 4% among those using assisted reproductive technology.[1] It is the most common cause of death during the first trimester(妊娠) at approximately 10% of the total.[4] In the developed world(已開發國家) outcomes have improved while in the developing world they often remain poor.[5] The risk of death among those in the developed world is between 0.1 and 0.3 percent while in the developing world it is between one and three percent.[6] The first known description of an ectopic pregnancy is by Albucasis(宰赫拉威) in the 11th century.[5] The word "ectopic" means "out of place".[7]
在已開發國家，一般子宮外孕的發生機率大約在1%到2%之間，但接受人工授孕的女性有4%較高的機率罹患子宮外孕[1]。這是在第一孕期最常見導致孕婦死亡的原因，大約占所有懷孕比例的十分之一[4]。在已開發國家的治療成效較開發中國家相對進步[5]。在開發中國家，因為子宮外孕致死的比率大約是千分之一到千分之三，但在開發中國家致死率達到百分之一到百分之三[6]。目前關於子宮外孕最早的記錄，是由現代外科學之父[[宰赫拉威]]在十一世紀時所記載[5]。"Ectopic"指的就是"不在原位"的意思[7]。