青光眼(Glaucoma)
中文連結:https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E5%85%89%E7%9C%BC
英文連結:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Medicine/Translation_task_force/RTT/Simple_Glaucoma
20160528 翻譯全文已經整合至中文維基百科
中文引言(可參酌使用
青光眼指稱一種因眼壓過高造成視神經萎縮，導致視野缺損甚至最終失明的眼科疾病。青
光眼的定義一直在更新，早期，人們認為眼壓高，就是青光眼，後來發現了即使是正常人也有可能有高眼壓，而部分青光眼患者的眼壓卻是正常的。所以教科書上關於青光眼的定義隨著人們對這個疾病認識的提高而變化著。青光眼的共同特徵是視神經萎縮和視野缺損，病理性的眼壓升高是重要的危險因素之一。
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Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases which result in damage to the optic nerve and vision loss.[1]The most common type is open-angle glaucoma with less common types including closed-angle glaucoma and normal-tension glaucoma. Open-angle glaucoma develops slowly over time and there is no pain. Side vision may begin to decrease followed by central vision resulting in blindness if not treated.[1] Closed-angle glaucoma can present gradually or suddenly.[2] The sudden presentation may involve severe eye pain, blurred vision, mid-dilated pupil, redness of the eye, and nausea.[1][2]Vision loss from glaucoma, once it has occurred, is permanent.[1]
青光眼是一系列會導致視神經受損，進而造成視力喪失的眼疾[1]。當中最常見的是隅角開放性青光眼，相反地，另一類型的隅角閉鎖性青光眼則相當少見。隅角開放性的疾病進程相當緩慢而且不會有疼痛感。在周邊視野開始產生模糊感後，中心視力也會因為沒有接受妥善治療而慢慢受損，最後則有可能會失明[1]。隅角閉鎖性的疾病發展有可能為漸進或突發[2]。若為突發性的，則有伴隨急性眼痛、視力模糊、瞳孔放大、眼睛紅痛與暈眩的可能[1][2]。由青光眼所引起的視力喪失，若一旦發生了，則這樣的傷害將會是永久性的[1]。
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Risk factor for glaucoma include increased pressure in the eye, a family history of the condition, migraines, high blood pressure, and obesity.[1] For eye pressures a value of greater than 21 mmHg or 2.8 kPa is often used with higher pressures leading to a greater risk.[3][2] However, some may have high eye pressure for years and never develop damage.[2] Conversely, optic nerve damage may occur with normal pressure, known as normal-tension glaucoma.[4] The mechanism of open-angle glaucoma is believed to be slow exit of aqueous humor through the trabecular meshwork while in closed-angle glaucoma the iris blocks the trabecular meshwork.[2] Diagnosis is by a dilated eye exam.[1] Often the optic nerve shows a feature known as cupping.[2]
青光眼的危險因子包括眼壓持續升高、有青光眼的家族病史、偏頭痛、高血壓以及肥胖[1]。若眼壓高於21毫米汞柱或2.8千帕就是被認為是有導致青光眼的危險因子[3][2]。只是，也會有病人雖有高眼壓達數年之久，卻沒有任何不良影響的[2] 。相對的，視神經損傷卻可能在眼壓維持在正常值時發生，這就是所謂的「正常眼壓型青光眼」。一般認為，導致開放性青光眼的原因是因為藉由眼睛小樑組織流出的房水無法以正常速度排掉，而隅角閉鎖性則是因為虹膜阻擋了眼睛小樑組織的作用。通常，視神經會因為受到壓迫而產生所謂的壓陷[2]。
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If treated early it is possible to slow or stop the progression of disease with medication, laser treatment, or surgery.[1] The goal of these treatments is to decrease eye pressure. A number of different classes of glaucoma medication are available. Laser treatments may be effective in both open-angle and closed-angle glaucoma. A number of types of glaucoma surgeries may be used in people who do not respond sufficiently to other measures.[2] Treatment of closed-angle glaucoma is a medical emergency.[1]
若以藥物、雷射或手術的方式早期治療，是有機會減緩或停止疾病惡化的[1]。所有的醫療方法都是為了降低眼壓，現在有多種不同藥效等級的青光眼藥物可給予病人。雷射治療對隅角開放性青光眼和隅角閉鎖性都同樣有效，倘若所有的方式都無法有效治療，則當考慮對病人施予手術[2] 。在治療上，隅角閉鎖性青光眼是相對緊急的[1]。
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About 11 to 67 million people have glaucoma globally.[2][5] The disease affects about 2 million people in the United States.[2] It occurs more commonly among older people.[1] Closed-angle glaucoma is more common in women.[2] Glaucoma has been called the "silent thief of sight" because the loss of vision usually occurs slowly over a long period of time.[6] Worldwide, glaucoma is the second-leading cause of blindness after cataracts.[7][2] The word "glaucoma" is from ancient Greek glaukoswhich means blue, green, or gray.[8] In English the word was used as early as 1587 but did not become commonly used until after 1850, when the development of theophthalmoscope allowed people to see the optic nerve damage.[9]
估計全球患有青光眼的人數約有1100-6700萬人[2][5]。在美國，此疾病大約對200萬人的生活造成影響[2]。以年齡層來看，青光眼病患較多為老年人口[1] 。隅角閉鎖性的患者則以女性為多[2]。青光眼被戲稱為"視力竊賊"是因為它的疾病進程極為緩慢，在一段很長的時間後慢慢使得病人失去視力[6] 。全世界統計，青光眼為僅次於白內障的視力殺手[7][2] 。青光眼這個名詞是由古希臘文"glaukoswhich"變化而來，原意是藍、綠或是灰[8]。該詞在英文上首先出現於1587年，卻一直到1850年才開始廣泛使用，因為是在眼底鏡被發明後，人們才可以直接看到視神經的損傷[9]。