ritonavir利托那韋

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Medicine/Translation_task_force/RTT/Simple_ritonavir

<!-- Definition and medical uses -->

’’’利托那韋’’’,市面販售藥名為’’’Norvir’’’,是一種[[抗反轉錄病毒藥物]] ,和其他藥物共同治療[[愛滋病]]。<ref name=AHFS2015>{{cite web|title=Ritonavir|url=http://www.drugs.com/monograph/ritonavir.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|accessdate=Oct 23, 2015}}</ref> 這樣的治療方式被稱作{{tls|Management of HIV/AIDS|高效能抗反轉錄病毒療法}} (HAART).<!-- <ref name=AHFS2015/> --> -通常低劑量利托那韋會搭配[[蛋白酶抑制劑]]使用。<!-- <ref name=AHFS2015/> --> It is taken by mouth.<ref name=AHFS2015/>

<!-- Side effects and mechanism -->

Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, diarrhea, and numbness of the hands and feet.<!-- <ref name=AHFS2015/> --> Serious side effects include liver problems, [[pancreatitis]], [[allergic reaction]]s, and [[arrythmia]]s.<!-- <ref name=AHFS2015/> --> Serious interactions may occur with a number of other medications including [[amiodarone]] and [[simvastatin]].<ref name=AHFS2015/> At low doses it is considered to be okay during pregnancy.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ritonavir Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Warnings|url=http://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/ritonavir.html|website=drugs.com|accessdate=23 October 2015}}</ref> Ritonavir is of the protease inhibitor class.<ref name=AHFS2015/> It is often used to inhibit the enzyme that metabolizes other protease inhibitors.<!-- <ref name=BNF69/> --> This inhibition leads to higher concentrations of these latter medication.<ref name=BNF69>{{cite book|title=British National Formulary 69|date=March 31, 2015|publisher=Pharmaceutical Pr|isbn=9780857111562|page=426|edition=69}}</ref>

<!-- 副作用與機制 -->

常見的副作用包含噁心、嘔吐、喪失食慾、腹瀉及手足麻木感 <!-- <ref name=AHFS2015/> -->,嚴重的副作用包含引起肝臟問題、胰臟炎 [[pancreatitis]]、過敏[[allergic reaction]]s、引起心律不整 [[arrythmia]]s.<!-- <ref name=AHFS2015/> -->;同時服用利托那韋與臟得樂[[amiodarone]] 或辛伐他汀[[simvastatin]] 可能導致嚴重的藥物交互影響<ref name=AHFS2015/>,目前認為懷孕患者使用低劑量是安全無虞的 <ref>{{cite web|title=Ritonavir Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Warnings|url=http://www.drugs.com/pregnancy/ritonavir.html|website=drugs.com|accessdate=23 October 2015}}</ref> 。利托那韋屬於蛋白酶抑制劑類 <ref name=AHFS2015/>,常用於抑制將其他代謝蛋白酶的酶運作 <!-- <ref name=BNF69/> -->,這種抑制機制導致藥性以更高濃度呈現<ref name=BNF69>{{cite book|title=British National Formulary 69|date=March 31, 2015|publisher=Pharmaceutical Pr|isbn=9780857111562|page=426|edition=69}}</ref>。

<!-- Society and culture -->

Ritonavir first came into use in 1996.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hacker|first1=Miles|title=Pharmacology principles and practice|date=2009|publisher=Academic Press/Elsevier|location=Amsterdam|isbn=9780080919225|page=550|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=5YDMmjWXe-AC&pg=PA550}}</ref> It is on the [[World Health Organization’s List of Essential Medicines]], the most important medications needed in a basic [[health system]].<ref>{{cite web|title=WHO Model List of EssentialMedicines|url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/93142/1/EML_18_eng.pdf?ua=1|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=22 April 2014|date=October 2013}}</ref> The capsules of the medication do not work the same as the tablets.<ref name=AHFS2015/> Globally the wholesale cost is between 0.07 and 2.20 USD per day.<ref name=ERC2014>{{cite web|title=Ritonavir|url=http://erc.msh.org/dmpguide/resultsdetail.cfm?language=english&code=RIT100T&s_year=2014&year=2014&str=100%20mg&desc=Ritonavir&pack=new&frm=TAB-CAP&rte=PO&class_code2=06%2E4%2E2%2E3&supplement=&class_name=%2806%2E4%2E2%2E3%29Protease%20inhibitors%3Cbr%3E|website=International Drug Price Indicator Guide|accessdate=23 October 2015}}</ref> In the United States it costs about 9.20 to 55 USD per day depending on the dose.<ref name=AHFS2015/>

<!-- 歷史、社會、與文化 -->

利托那韋首次發現於1996年 <ref>{{cite book|last1=Hacker|first1=Miles|title=Pharmacology principles and practice|date=2009|publisher=Academic Press/Elsevier|location=Amsterdam|isbn=9780080919225|page=550|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=5YDMmjWXe-AC&pg=PA550}}</ref>,在最基本的健康照護系統中最必要的藥物清單[[世界卫生组织基本药物标准清单]]登錄有案 <ref>{{cite web|title=WHO Model List of EssentialMedicines|url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/93142/1/EML_18_eng.pdf?ua=1|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=22 April 2014|date=October 2013}}</ref> 膠囊藥劑的藥效與藥片並不相同 <ref name=AHFS2015/>,全球的批發成本大約是每日0.07至2.20美金左右 <ref name=ERC2014>{{cite web|title=Ritonavir|url=http://erc.msh.org/dmpguide/resultsdetail.cfm?language=english&code=RIT100T&s_year=2014&year=2014&str=100%20mg&desc=Ritonavir&pack=new&frm=TAB-CAP&rte=PO&class_code2=06%2E4%2E2%2E3&supplement=&class_name=%2806%2E4%2E2%2E3%29Protease%20inhibitors%3Cbr%3E|website=International Drug Price Indicator Guide|accessdate=23 October 2015}}</ref>,在美國,一劑大約在9.20到55美元之間,依劑量而定<ref name=AHFS2015/>