審定稿：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Medicine/Translation_task_force/RTT/Simple_caries
中文：https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BE%8B%E9%BD%BF
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{{Infobox disease |
Name = Dental caries |
ICD10 = {{ICD10|K|02||k|00}} |
ICD9 = {{ICD9|521.0}} |
ICDO = |
Image = Toothdecay.png |
Caption = Destruction of a tooth by dental caries. This type of decay is also known as root decay.|
Width = 150 |
OMIM = |
MedlinePlus = 001055 |
eMedicineSubj = |
eMedicineTopic = |
DiseasesDB = 29357 |
}}
Dental caries (caries is Latin for "rottenness"[1]), also known as tooth decay, cavities, or caries, is breakdown of teeth due to the activities of bacteria.[2] The cavities may be a number of different colors from yellow to black.[3] Symptoms may include pain and difficulty with eating.[4][3] Complications may include inflammation of the tissue around the tooth, tooth loss, and infection or abscess formation.[1][3]
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’’’齲齒’’’（{{lang-en|dental caries, tooth decay, cavities, caries}}，其中{{lang|en|caries}}起源於拉丁文的「腐爛[1]」），指[[牙齒]]因[[細菌]]活動而造成分解的現象[2]。齲齒時會呈現黃色到黑色之間的不同顏色[3]，其症狀包含疼痛與進食困難[3,4]，併發症包含{{link-en|牙周病理學|Periodontal pathology|牙齒周圍組織發炎}}、{{link-en|牙齒喪失|Tooth loss}}與形成{{link-en|牙齒膿腫|Dental abscess}}[1,3]。
The bacteria break down the hard tissues of the teeth (enamel, dentin and cementum) by making acid from food debris on the tooth surface.[5] Simple sugars in food are these bacteria’s primary energy source and thus a
diet high in simple sugar is a risk factor.[5] If mineral breakdown is greater than build up from sources such as saliva, caries results.[5] Risk factors include conditions that result in less saliva such as: diabetes mellitus, Sjogren’s syndrome and some medications.[5] Medicatns that decrease saliva production include antihistamines and antidepressants among others.[5] Caries are also associated with poverty, poor cleaning of the mouth, and receding gums resulting in exposure of the roots of the teeth.[6][2]
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造成齲齒的細菌會經由分解牙齒表面的食物殘渣，使牙齒的硬組織（[[牙釉質]]、[[牙本質]]與{{link-en|牙骨質|Cementum}}）分解[5]。食物中的[[單醣]]是這些細菌的主要能量來源，因此單醣量含量高的飲食習慣，是齲齒發生的風險因子[5]。如果從[[唾液]]等來源引發的{{link-en|牙齒再礦化|Remineralisation of teeth|牙齒礦物質解離}}速率高過牙齒礦化速率，齲齒就會發生[5]。其他的風險因子包含由[[糖尿病]]、[[乾燥綜合症]]與特定藥物（[[抗組織胺藥]]與抗憂鬱藥物等）引發的唾液分泌量下降[5]。齲齒也與貧窮、疏於{{link-en|口腔衛生|Oral hygiene|清潔口腔}}與牙周病導致的牙根暴露有關[2,6]。
Prevention includes: regular cleaning of the teeth, a diet low in sugar and small amounts of fluoride.[5][4] Brushing the teeth two times per day and flossing between the teeth once a day is recommended by many.[2][7] Fluoride may be from water, salt or toothpaste among other sources.[4] Treating a mother’s dental caries may decrease the risk in her children by decreasing the numbers of certain bacteria.[5] Screening can result in earlier detection.[2] Depending on the extent of destruction, various treatments can be used to restore the tooth to proper function or the tooth may be removed.[2] There is no known method to grow back large amounts of tooth.[8] The availability of treatment is often poor in the developing world.[4] Paracetamol (acetaminophen) or ibuprofen may be taken for pain.[2]
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齲齒的預防措施包含定期清潔牙齒、低糖飲食與使用少量的[[氟]]化物[4,5]。許多人建議每天刷牙兩次，以及每天使用[[牙線]]清潔牙縫一次[2,7]；氟化物可從水、鹽或牙膏等來源獲得[4]。藉由降低牙齒表面細菌數量來治療母親的齲齒，可降低小孩得到齲齒的風險[4]。篩選檢查可提早發現齲齒[2]。治療齲齒取決於牙齒被破壞的程度，可能會採取{{link-en|牙齒修復|Dental restoration|修復牙齒}}以回復正常功能，或是採取[[拔牙術]]以移除嚴重的齲齒[2]；目前尚無方法讓大量牙齒[[再生]][8]。在開發中國家，治療齲齒的預後往往較差[4]。[[對乙醯氨基酚]]或[[布洛芬]]可以制止齲齒造成的疼痛[2]。
Worldwide, approximately 2.43 billion people (36% of the population) have dental caries in their permanent teeth.[9] The World Health Organizations estimates that nearly all adults have dental caries at some point in time.[4] In baby teeth it affects about 620 million people or 9% of the population.[9] They have become more common in both children and adults in recent years.[10] The disease is most common in the developed world and less common in the developing world due to greater simple sugar consumption.[2]
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全球大約24.3億人（全球人口的36%）的永久齒出現了齲齒[9]。世界衛生組織估計幾乎所有成人在人生中某個時段曾得過齲齒[4]。約6.2億人或全球人口的9%曾在乳齒得過齲齒[9]。近年來，齲齒逐漸成為兒童與成人最常見的疾病[10]，常發生在已開發國家與少數單醣消耗量大的開發中國家[2]。