英文：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Medicine/Translation_task_force/RTT/Simple_Loperamide
<!-- Definition and medical uses -->
Loperamide, sold under the brand name Imodium among others, is a medication used to decrease the frequency of diarrhea(腹瀉).[1] It is often used for this purpose in gastroenteritis(腸胃炎), inflammatory bowel disease(炎症性肠病), and short bowel syndrome. It is not recommended in those with blood in the stool(痢疾). The medication is taken by mouth.[1]
洛哌丁胺較常用的商品名是Imodium，是一種止瀉藥物[1]。常用於[[腸胃炎]]、[[發炎性腸病]]和[[短腸症候群]]的治療。並不建議使用在血痢的患者身上。常見劑型為口服藥物。
<!-- 定義與醫學應用 -->
’’’Loperamide’’’, sold under the brand name ’’’Imodium’’’ among others, is a medication used to decrease the frequency of [[腹瀉]].<ref name=AHFS2015>{{cite web|title=Loperamide Hydrochloride|url=http://www.drugs.com/monograph/loperamide-hydrochloride.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|accessdate=Aug 25, 2015}}</ref> It is often used for this purpose in [[腸胃炎]], [[炎症性肠病]], and {{tsl|en|short bowel syndrome||short bowel syndrome}}.<!-- <ref name=AHFS2015/> --> It is not recommended in those with [[痢疾]].<!-- <ref name=AHFS2015/> --> The medication is taken by mouth.<ref name=AHFS2015/>
<!-- Side effects -->
Common side effects include abdominal pain, constipation(便秘), sleepiness, vomiting, and a dry mouth. It may increase the risk of toxic megacolon.[1]Loperamide’s safety in pregnancy(妊娠) is unclear but their is no evidence of harm.[2]It appear to be safe in breastfeeding(母乳餵養).[3] It is an opioid(鴉片類藥物) that is not absorbed.[4] It works by slowing the contractions of the intestines.[1]
常見的副作用包括腹痛、便秘、嗜睡、嘔吐以及口乾。Loperamide可能會增加毒性巨結腸症的機率[1]。
<!-- 副作用 -->
Common side effects include abdominal pain, [[便秘]], sleepiness, vomiting, and a dry mouth.<!-- <ref name=AHFS2015/> --> It may increase the risk of {{tsl|en|toxic megacolon||toxic megacolon}}.<ref name=AHFS2015/> Loperamide’s safety in [[妊娠]] is unclear but their is no evidence of harm.<ref name=AG2015>{{cite web|title=Prescribing medicines in pregnancy database|url=http://www.tga.gov.au/hp/medicines-pregnancy.htm#.U1Yw8Bc3tqw|work=Australian Government|accessdate=22 April 2014|date=3 March 2014}}</ref> It appear to be safe in [[母乳餵養]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Loperamide use while Breastfeeding|url=http://www.drugs.com/breastfeeding/loperamide.html|accessdate=26 August 2015}}</ref> It is an [[鴉片類藥物]] that is not absorbed.<ref name=NCI2015Dic>{{cite web|title=loperamide hydrochloride|url=http://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-drug?CdrID=41911|website=NCI Drug Dictionary|accessdate=26 August 2015}}</ref> It works by slowing the contractions of the intestines.<ref name=AHFS2015/>
<!-- History, society, and culture -->
Loperamide was first made in 1969 and used medically in 1976.[5] It is on the World Health Organization’s List of Essential Medicines(世界卫生组织基本药物标准清单), the most important medication needed in a basic health system.[6] It is as a generic medication(通用名药物) and is not very expensive.[1][7] Wholesale the cost is about 0.004 to 0.04 USD a dose.[8] In the United States it is about 0.20 USD a dose.[1]
<!-- 歷史、社會、與文化 -->
Loperamide was first made in 1969 and used medically in 1976.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Patrick|first1=Graham L.|title=An introduction to medicinal chemistry|date=2013|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=9780199697397|page=644|edition=Fifth edition.|ref=https://books.google.ca/books?id=Pj7xJRuhZxUC&pg=PA644}}</ref> It is on the [[世界卫生组织基本药物标准清单]], the most important medication needed in a basic {{tsl|en|health system||health system}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=WHO Model List of Essential Medicines|url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/93142/1/EML_18_eng.pdf?ua=1|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=22 April 2014|date=October 2013}}</ref> It is as a [[通用名药物]] and is not very expensive.<ref name=AHFS2015/><ref name=Ric2013>{{cite book|last1=Hamilton|first1=Richard J.|title=Tarascon pocket pharmacopoeia|date=2013|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|location=[Sudbury, Mass.]|isbn=9781449673611|page=217|edition=14|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=zJay-fZCFGgC&pg=PA217}}</ref> Wholesale the cost is about 0.004 to 0.04 USD a dose.<ref name=ERC2015>{{cite web|title=Loperamide HCL|url=http://erc.msh.org/dmpguide/resultsdetail.cfm?language=english&code=LOP2T&s_year=2014&year=2014&str=2%20mg&desc=Loperamide%20HCl&pack=new&frm=TAB-CAP&rte=PO&class_code2=17%2E&supplement=&class_name=%2802%2E3%2E%29Medicines%20for%20other%20common%20symptoms%20in%20palliative%20care%3Cbr%3E%2817%2E%29Gastrointestinal%20medicines%3Cbr%3E|website=International Drug Price Indicator Guide|accessdate=26 August 2015}}</ref> In the United States it is about 0.20 USD a dose.<ref name=AHFS2015/>
{{drugbox
| Verifiedfields = changed
| Watchedfields = changed
| verifiedrevid = 416898838
| IUPAC_name = 4-[4-(4-Chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxypiperidin-1-yl]-’’N,N’’-dimethyl-2,2-diphenylbutanamide
| image = Loperamide.svg
| width = 250
| image2 = Loperamide 3D ball.png
| width2 = 235
<!--Clinical data-->
| pronounce = {{IPAc-en|l|oʊ|ˈ|p|ɛr|ə|m|aɪ|d}}
| tradename = Imodium, Lopex, others
| Drugs.com = {{drugs.com|monograph|loperamide-hydrochloride}}
| MedlinePlus = a682280
| pregnancy_AU = B3
| pregnancy_US = C
| legal_AU = S2
| legal_CA = OTC
| legal_UK = GSL
| legal_US = OTC
| routes_of_administration = oral, inhaled
<!--Pharmacokinetic data-->
| bioavailability = 0.3%
| protein_bound = 97%
| metabolism = [[肝臟]] (extensive)
| elimination_half-life = 9-14 hours<ref name=AHFS2015/>
| excretion = Faeces (30-40%), urine (1%)
<!--Identifiers-->
| IUPHAR_ligand = 7215
| CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}}
| CAS_number = 53179-11-6
| CAS_supplemental = <br />{{CAS|34552-83-5}} (with HCl)
| ATC_prefix = A07
| ATC_suffix = DA03
| ATC_supplemental = <br />{{ATC|A07|DA05}} (oxide)
| PubChem = 3955
| DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|changed|drugbank}}
| DrugBank = DB00836
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID = 3818
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII = 6X9OC3H4II
| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}
| KEGG = D08144
| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|changed|EBI}}
| ChEBI = 6532
| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}
| ChEMBL = 841
| synonyms = R-18553
<!--Chemical data-->
| C=29 | H=33 | Cl=1 | N=2 | O=2
| molecular_weight = 477.037 g/mol (513.506 with HCl)
| smiles = ClC1=CC=C(C2(CCN(CC2)CCC(C3=CC=CC=C3)(C(N(C)C)=O)C4=CC=CC=C4)O)C=C1
| InChI = 1/C29H33ClN2O2/c1-31(2)27(33)29(24-9-5-3-6-10-24,25-11-7-4-8-12-25)19-22-32-20-17-28(34,18-21-32)23-13-15-26(30)16-14-23/h3-16,34H,17-22H2,1-2H3
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChI = 1S/C29H33ClN2O2/c1-31(2)27(33)29(24-9-5-3-6-10-24,25-11-7-4-8-12-25)19-22-32-20-17-28(34,18-21-32)23-13-15-26(30)16-14-23/h3-16,34H,17-22H2,1-2H3
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey = RDOIQAHITMMDAJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
}}