Wikipedia:WikiProject_Medicine/Translation_task_force/RTT/Simple_influenza
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Influenza, commonly known as "the flu", is an infectious disease caused by the influenza virus.[1] Symptoms can be mild to severe.[2] The most common symptoms include: a high fever, runny nose, sore throat, muscle pains, headache, coughing, and feeling tired. These symptoms typically begin two days after exposure to the virus and most last less than a week. The cough, however, may last for more than two weeks.[1] In children there may be nausea and vomiting but these are not common in adults. Nausea and vomiting occur more commonly in the unrelated infection gastroenteritis, which is sometimes inaccurately referred to as "stomach flu" or "24-hour flu".[3]Complications of influenza may include viral pneumonia, secondary bacterial pneumonia, sinus infections, and worsening of previous health problems such as asthma or heart failure.[2][4]
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’’’流型性感冒’’’（{{lang-en|influenza}}），通常簡稱為’’’流感’’’，為一種由[[正黏液病毒科|流感病毒]]造成的[[感染|傳染性]]疾病[1]。[[症狀]]可輕可重[2]，最常見者為[[发热|高燒]]、{{Link-en|流鼻水|Rhinorrhea}}、[[咽喉痛|喉嚨痛]]、{{Link-en|肌肉痠痛|Myalgia}}、[[頭痛]]、[[咳嗽]]、以及[[疲倦|疲倦感]]。通常在接觸病毒2天後發病，症狀最多持續一周。然而咳嗽可能持續超過兩周[1]。在孩童可能有[[恶心|噁心]]、[[嘔吐]]，但這在成人並不常見。噁心及嘔吐常為非相關之感染性[[腸胃炎]]，有時被稱為腸胃型感冒[3]。流感併發症可能有[[病毒性肺炎]]、{{Lang-en|次發性細菌性肺炎|Bacterial_pneumonia}}、[[鼻竇炎|鼻竇感染]]、以及造成其他疾病惡化（如[[哮喘|氣喘]]或[[心臟衰竭]]）[2][4]。
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Three types of influenza affect people.[4] Usually, the virus is spread through the air from coughs or sneezes.[1] This is believed to occur mostly over relatively short distances.[5] It can also be spread by touching surfaces contaminated by the virus and then touching the mouth or eyes.[2][5] A person may be infectious to others both before and during the time they are sick.[2] The infection may be confirmed by testing the throat, sputum, or nose for the virus. A number of rapid tests are available; however, people may still have the infection if the results are negative. A type of polymerase chain reaction that detects the virus’s RNA is more accurate.[4]
<!-- 傳染途徑與診斷 -->
可感染人類的流感病毒共有三種[4]。通常病毒藉由咳嗽或噴嚏的產生的{{Lang-en|飛沫傳播|Airborne_disease}}[1]，且發生在近距離接觸時[5]。此外，病毒也可藉由接觸到受染污的物體表面，再碰觸口或眼睛後傳播[2][5]。受感染後在發病前後，均可能具有傳染性[2]。診斷可由喉嚨、{{Lang-en|痰液|Sputum}}、或鼻腔等的病毒測試作確認。目前已有數種{{Lang-en|快速篩檢方法|Rapid_influenza_diagnostic_test}}，然而快速篩檢方法仍有偽陰性（即使受感染，檢測結果仍顯示為未感染的陰性）的可能。而使用[[聚合酶链式反应|聚合酶鏈式反應]]檢測病毒[[核糖核酸|RNA]]，為較準確的檢驗方法[4]。
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Frequent hand washing reduces the risk of infection because the virus is inactivated by soap.[6]Wearing a surgical mask is also useful.[6] Yearly vaccinations against influenza is recommended by the World Health Organization in those at high risk. The vaccine is usually effective against three or four types of influenza.[1] It is usually well tolerated. A vaccine made for one year may be not be useful in the following year, since the virus evolves rapidly. Antiviral drugs such as the neuraminidase inhibitors oseltamivir among others have been used to treat influenza.[1] Their benefits in those who are otherwise healthy do not appear to be greater than their risks.[7] No benefit has been found in those with other health problems.[7][8]
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勤洗手可降低感染風險，因為肥皂可使病毒失去活性[6]。配戴{{Link-en|手術用口罩|Surgical_mask}}亦可預防感染[6]。根據[[世界衛生組織]]建議，高風險病人應每年接受{{Link-en|流感疫苗|Influenza_vaccine}}注射。疫苗通常針對3至4種流感病毒[1]，接種疫苗通常不會發生嚴重的併發症。由於病毒RNA具備快速突變的特性，該年的疫苗僅限於該年有效。{{Link-en|神經氨酸酶抑制劑|neurominidase inhinitors}}常被使用作為[[抗病毒药物|抗流感的藥物]]，而其中的[[奥司他韦|Osteltamivir]]（克流感）最常被使用[1]。目前普遍的看法而言，原先健康的人使用克流感似乎弊大於利，對於有其他健康問題的流感患者而言使用克流感則沒有好處[7][8]。
<!--Epidemiology and history -->
Influenza spreads around the world in a yearly outbreak, resulting in about three to five million cases of severe illness and about 250,000 to 500,000 deaths.[1] In the Northern and Southern parts of the world outbreaks occur mainly in winter while in areas around the equator outbreaks may occur at any time of the year.[1] Death occurs mostly in the young, the old and those with other health problems.[1] Larger outbreaks known as pandemics are less frequent.[4] In the 20th century three influenza pandemics occurred: Spanish influenza in 1918, Asian influenza in 1958, and Hong Kong influenza in 1968, each resulting in more than a million deaths.[9] The World Health Organization declared an outbreak of a new type of influenza A/H1N1 to be a pandemic in June of 2009.[10] Influenza may also affect other animals, including pigs, horses and birds.[11]
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流型性感冒在世界各地的傳播。{{Link-en|每年的流感季|Flu_season}}約有300萬至500萬例重病患者，且造成約25萬至50萬名患者死亡[1]。在北半球及南半球爆發的季節最主要是發生在冬季，而赤道附近的國家則是會不定時的爆發流行[1]。致死的案例多半發生在小孩、老人、或同時患有其他健康問題的病人[1]。[[瘟疫|嚴重而大規模的爆發]]流行並不常見[4]。在20世紀其間，發生過三次極為嚴重且有記錄的{{link-en|全球流感大流行|Influenza_pandemic}}：1918年的流行（又稱做[[1918年流感大流行|西班牙流感]]，因西班牙疫情最嚴重故得此名）、1958年的流行（因起源於中國的貴州省，又稱做{{Link-en|亞洲流感|Influenza_pandemic#Asian_Flu_.281957.E2.80.931958.29}}）、1968年的流行（因起源於香港而得名，故又稱做{{Link-en|香港流感|Influenza_pandemic#Hong_Kong_Flu_.281968.E2.80.931969.29}}），三起流行的死亡人數皆超過百萬人以上[9]。而21世紀初，2009年6月在墨西哥爆發的[[2009年H1N1新型流感疫情|A型H1N1流感]][10]，經研究後發現為[[甲型流感病毒H1N1亞型|A型流感病毒之突變種]]，該病毒之遺傳因子結合了人類、鳥禽以及豬隻的流感病毒，[[世界衛生組織]]將該次疫情的全球流感警告級別提高到第六級的最高等級，死亡的病例超過一萬人；台灣亦有數千名病例受到此波疫情傳染[補1]。流型性病毒也有可能會感染其他動物，包括豬，馬和鳥類[11]。