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’’’Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs’’’ (’’’NSAIDs’’’) are a [[drug class]] that groups together [[drug]]s that provide [[analgesic]] (pain-killing) and [[antipyretic]] (fever-reducing) effects, and, in higher doses, [[anti-inflammatory]] effects.
’’’非類固醇消炎藥’’’（中国大陆称：’’’非甾体抗炎药’’’，英文: ’’’Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs’’’，簡稱’’’NSAIDs’’’）是一類具有{{le|antipyretic|解熱}}[[鎮痛藥|鎮痛]]效果的藥物，在施用更高劑量時也具有[[抗炎性|消炎作用]]。
The term ’’nonsteroidal’’ distinguishes these drugs from [[steroid]]s, which, among a broad range of other effects, have a similar [[eicosanoid]]-depressing, anti-inflammatory action. First used in 1960, the term served to distance new drugs from steroid-related [[iatrogenic]] tragedies.<ref name="Buer_2014">{{cite journal |vauthors=Buer JK |title=Origins and impact of the term ’NSAID’ |journal=Inflammopharmacology |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=263–7 |date=Oct 2014 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264248818_Origins_and_impact_of_the_term_’NSAID’ |pmid=25064056 |doi=10.1007/s10787-014-0211-2 }}</ref>
“非類固醇（非甾体）”一詞用於將此類藥物與[[甾体|类固醇类]]藥物區分開，因類固醇類藥物也具有包括抑制[[花生酸]]生成、抗炎作用在內的諸多效果。“非類固醇消炎藥（非甾体抗炎药）”一詞首次使用於1960年，以將新藥與可能產生[[醫源病|醫源性]]傷害的類固醇類藥物劃清界線。<ref name="Buer_2014">{{cite journal |vauthors=Buer JK |title=Origins and impact of the term ’NSAID’ |journal=Inflammopharmacology |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=263–7 |date=Oct 2014 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264248818_Origins_and_impact_of_the_term_’NSAID’ |pmid=25064056 |doi=10.1007/s10787-014-0211-2 }}</ref>
The most prominent members of this group of drugs are, [[aspirin]], [[ibuprofen]] and [[naproxen]], all available [[Over-the-counter drug|over the counter]] in most countries.<ref name="The Physician and Sportsmedicine 2010">{{cite journal |author=Warden SJ |title=Prophylactic Use of NSAIDs by Athletes: A Risk/Benefit Assessment |journal=The Physician and Sports Medicine |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=132–138 |date=April 2010 |pmid=20424410 |doi=10.3810/psm.2010.04.1770 |url=http://www.physsportsmed.com/index.php?article=1770 }}</ref> [[Paracetamol]] (acetaminophen) is generally not considered an NSAID because it has only little anti-inflammatory activity. It treats pain mainly by blocking COX-2 mostly in the central nervous system, but not much in the rest of the body.<ref name="Hinz_2008" />
在非類固醇類藥物中，當屬[[阿斯匹林|阿斯匹靈（阿斯匹林）]]、[[布洛芬|伊布洛芬（布洛芬）]]、[[萘普生]]最為著名，在絕大多數國家都可作為[[非處方藥]]銷售<ref name="The Physician and Sportsmedicine 2010">{{cite journal |author=Warden SJ |title=Prophylactic Use of NSAIDs by Athletes: A Risk/Benefit Assessment |journal=The Physician and Sports Medicine |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=132–138 |date=April 2010 |pmid=20424410 |doi=10.3810/psm.2010.04.1770 |url=http://www.physsportsmed.com/index.php?article=1770 }}</ref> 。[[对乙酰氨基酚|对乙酰氨基酚（乙醯氨酚、扑热息痛）]]因其抗炎作用微弱而通常不被歸為非類固醇類藥物，它主要通過抑制中樞神經系統中Ⅱ型環氧化酶活性以阻斷前列腺素的生成，從而緩解疼痛，但其在旁周組織中作用微弱<ref name="Hinz_2008" />。
Most NSAIDs inhibit the activity of [[cyclooxygenase]]-1 (COX-1) and [[COX-2 inhibitor|cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)]], and thereby the synthesis of [[prostaglandins]] and [[thromboxane]]s. It is thought that inhibiting COX-2 leads to the anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic effects and that those NSAIDs also inhibiting COX-1, particularly aspirin, may cause gastrointestinal bleeding and ulcers.<ref name=integrada>Clive P. Page, Michael J. Curtis, Morley Sutter, Michael Walker, Brian Hoffman. [https://books.google.com/books?id=h7cxH6XH4-sC Farmacología integrada] (in Spanish). Published by [[Elsevier]] España, 1998. ISBN 84-8174-340-2</ref>
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