{{medical}}
{{Infobox disease
| Image = Herpes(PHIL 1573 lores).jpg
| Caption = 感染下唇的[[唇疱疹]]，箭头所指位置为密集水疱。
| DiseasesDB = 5841
| DiseasesDB_mult = {{DiseasesDB2|33021}}
| ICD10 = {{ICD10|A|60||a|50}}, {{ICD10|B|00||b|00}}, {{ICD10|G|05|1|g|00}}, {{ICD10|P|35|2|p|35}}
| ICD9 = {{ICD9|054.0}}, {{ICD9|054.1}}, {{ICD9|054.2}}, {{ICD9|054.3}}, {{ICD9|771.2}}
| ICDO =
| OMIM =
| MedlinePlus =
| eMedicineSubj = med
| eMedicineTopic = 1006
| MeshID = D006561 }}
<!-- Definition and symptoms -->
’’’单纯疱疹’’’（{{lang|en|Herpes Simplex}}，源自於希臘文「{{lang-grc-gre|ἕρπης}}」，意為「潛伏」）是由[[单纯疱疹病毒]]Ⅰ型（HSV-1）和Ⅱ型（HSV-2）引起的病毒性疾病<ref name=CDC2014F/>。根据病毒感染位置的不同，通常可以分为[[唇疱疹]]、[[面部疱疹]]和[[生殖器疱疹]]。症狀包含形成[[水疱]]或單純喉嚨痛<ref name=Bal2014/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Mosby|title=Mosby’s Medical Dictionary|date=2013|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323112581|pages=836-837|edition=9|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=aW0zkZl0JgQC&pg=PA836}}</ref>，水疱發生前皮膚可能會出現刺痛感<ref name=CDC2014F/>。[[生殖器疱疹]]的症狀不明顯但可能形成水疱，如果水疱破裂可能會導致局部{{tsl|en|ulcer|潰瘍}}<!-- <ref name=CDC2014F/> -->，通常會於2-4週內復原<ref name=CDC2014F/>。疱疹病毒的生活史包含無症狀的潛伏期，以及可傳染期<!-- <ref name=CDC2014F/> -->。可傳染期可能會有許多嚴重症狀，包含[[發燒]]、肌肉痠痛、淋巴結腫大，和頭痛<!-- <ref name=CDC2014F/> -->，此後疾病的嚴重性和頻率皆會降低。<ref name=CDC2014F/>其他較嚴重的症狀包含：{{tsl|en|herpetic whitlow|疱疹性指頭炎}}<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Wu|first1=IB|last2=Schwartz|first2=RA|title=Herpetic whitlow.|journal=Cutis|date=March 2007|volume=79|issue=3|pages=193-6|pmid=17674583}}</ref>、{{tsl|en|herpes of the eye|眼部疱疹}}<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rowe|first1=AM|last2=St Leger|first2=AJ|last3=Jeon|first3=S|last4=Dhaliwal|first4=DK|last5=Knickelbein|first5=JE|last6=Hendricks|first6=RL|title=Herpes keratitis.|journal=Progress in retinal and eye research|date=January 2013|volume=32|pages=88-101|pmid=22944008}}</ref>、{{tsl|en|Herpesviral encephalitis|疱疹性腦炎}}<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Steiner|first1=I|last2=Benninger|first2=F|title=Update on herpes virus infections of the nervous system.|journal=Current neurology and neuroscience reports|date=December 2013|volume=13|issue=12|pages=414|pmid=24142852}}</ref>，以及{{tsl|en|Neonatal herpes simplex|新生兒疱疹}}等等<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Stephenson-Famy|first1=A|last2=Gardella|first2=C|title=Herpes Simplex Virus Infection During Pregnancy.|journal=Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North America|date=December 2014|volume=41|issue=4|pages=601-614|pmid=25454993}}</ref>。
<!-- Cause and diagnosis-->
單純疱疹病毒分為HSV-1和HSV-2兩種<ref name=CDC2014F/>，其中HSV-1比較常見於口腔感染，HSV-2則常見於生殖器感染<ref name=Bal2014/>。疱疹病毒是經由接觸被感染者的體液或病灶傳染<!-- <ref name=CDC2014F/> -->，且即使被感染者沒有任何症狀也能夠散布病毒<!-- <ref name=CDC2014F/> -->。生殖器疱疹被視為是一種[[性感染疾病]]<!-- <ref name=CDC2014F/> -->，並可能藉由垂直感染經母體傳給胎兒<ref name=CDC2014F/>。感染後，病毒會經由[[感覺神經元|感覺神經]] 或[[三叉神經]]的[[神經纖維]]入侵神經節，之後進入{{tsl|en|Virus latency|病毒潛伏期|休眠期}}<ref name=Bal2014>{{cite journal|last1=Balasubramaniam|first1=R|last2=Kuperstein|first2=AS|last3=Stoopler|first3=ET|title=Update on oral herpes virus infections.|journal=Dental clinics of North America|date=April 2014|volume=58|issue=2|pages=265-80|pmid=24655522}}</ref>。導致病毒打破休眠並發病的原因可能包含：[[免疫抑制]]、壓力，以及陽光照射<ref name="Cancer">{{cite journal |author=Elad S |title=A systematic review of viral infections associated with oral involvement in cancer patients: a spotlight on Herpesviridea |journal=Support Care Cancer |volume=18 |issue=8 |pages=993–1006 |date=August 2010 |pmid=20544224 |url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/g476114717852h80/ |doi=10.1007/s00520-010-0900-3 |author2=Zadik Y |author3=Hewson I |display-authors=3 |last4=Hovan |first4=Allan |last5=Correa |first5=M. Elvira P. |last6=Logan |first6=Richard |last7=Elting |first7=Linda S. |last8=Spijkervet |first8=Fred K. L. |last9=Brennan |first9=Michael T.}}</ref><ref name=Bal2014/>。口腔和生殖器疱疹通常都是由症狀進行診斷<ref name=Bal2014/>，更確切的診斷結果可利用水泡液進行{{tsl|en|viral culture|病毒培養}}或偵測疱疹病毒DNA來確認。<!-- <ref name=CDC2014F/> -->。如果要確認是否曾經感染，可測試血液中對抗疱疹病毒的[[抗體]]。但如果是初次感染，則結果恆為陰性<ref name=CDC2014F/>。
<!-- Prevention and treatment -->
目前尚未发现可以彻底治愈单纯疱疹的方法。一旦感染人體，幾乎就註定伴隨終身ref name=CDC2014F/>。目前單純疱疹仍無有效的[[疫苗]]<!-- <ref name=CDC2014F/> -->。生殖器疱疹最有效的預防方法是避免進行性行為，包含性交、口交和肛交<!-- <ref name=CDC2014F/> -->。若要從事性行為，可利用[[避孕套]]稍微降低感染的風險<!-- <ref name=CDC2014F/> -->。帶原者每日服用[[抗病毒药物]] 也可有效降低傳染給他人的風險<!-- <ref name=CDC2014F/> -->。 [[对乙酰氨基酚]]和外用[[利多卡因]]可以適度緩解症狀<ref name=Bal2014/>。抗病毒藥物如[[阿昔洛韦]]或[[伐昔洛韦]]，也可以舒緩症狀<ref name=CDC2014F/><ref name=Bal2014/>。
<!-- Epidemiology -->
Worldwide rates of either HSV-1 or HSV-2 are between 60% and 95% in adults.<ref name=Peds09/> HSV-1 is usually acquired during childhood.<ref name=CDC2014F>{{cite web|title=Genital Herpes - CDC Fact Sheet|url=http://www.cdc.gov/std/herpes/STDFact-Herpes-detailed.htm|website=cdc.gov|accessdate=31 December 2014|date=December 8, 2014}}</ref> Rates of both increase as people age.<ref name=Peds09/> Rates of HSV-1 are between 70% and 80% in populations of low socioeconomic status and 40% to 60% in populations of improved socioeconomic status.<ref name=Peds09>{{cite journal |author=Chayavichitsilp P, Buckwalter JV, Krakowski AC, Friedlander SF |title=Herpes simplex |journal=Pediatr Rev |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=119–29; quiz 130 |date=April 2009 |pmid=19339385 |doi=10.1542/pir.30-4-119 |url=}}</ref> An estimated 536 million people worldwide (16% of the population) were infected with HSV-2 as of 2003 with greater rates among women and those in the developing world.<ref name=Looker2008>{{cite journal|last=Looker|first=KJ|author2=Garnett, GP |author3=Schmid, GP |title=An estimate of the global prevalence and incidence of herpes simplex virus type 2 infection.|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|date=October 2008|volume=86|issue=10|pages=805–12, A|pmid=18949218|pmc=2649511|doi=10.2471/blt.07.046128}}</ref> Most people with HSV-2 do not realize that they are infected.<ref name=CDC2014F/>
==参考文献==
<references />
{{STD/STI}}
[[Category:双相障碍生物学]]
[[Category:黏膜疾病]]
[[Category:疱疹]]
[[Category:性病]]
[[Category:病毒性疾病]]