Yellow fever, known historically as yellow jack or yellow plague,[1] is an acute viral disease.[2] In most cases, symptoms include fever, chills,loss of appetite, nausea, muscle pains particularly in the back, and headaches.[2] Symptoms typically improve within five days.[2] In some people within a day of improving, the fever comes back, abdominal pain occurs, and liver damage begins causing yellow skin.[2] If this occurs, the risk of bleeding and kidney problems is also increased.[2]
’’’黃熱病’’’（{{lang-en|yellow fever, yellow jack, yellow plague}}，英語俗稱’’’黃傑克’’’、’’’黑嘔’’’，有時又稱’’’美洲瘟疫’’’<ref name=Old2009/>）是一種[[急性]][[病毒]]病<ref name=WHO2013/>。症狀通常包括[[發燒]]、[[冷顫]]、{{link-en|食慾下降|Anorexia}}、[[噁心]]、肌肉痛（特別是背部）與頭痛<ref name=WHO2013/><ref name=CDCTaiwan>{{cite web|url=http://www.cdc.gov.tw/PROFESSIONAL/info.aspx?treeid=BEAC9C103DF952C4&nowtreeid=BEEA3E8995702A90&tid=2721B5E2F521B6D6|title=黃熱病|author=衛生福利部疾病管制署|publisher=衛生福利部疾病管制署|date=2014-09-09}}</ref>。症狀通常在發病5天內會改善<ref name=WHO2013/>；有些病人會在症狀改善1到2天後，發燒再度發生，出現腹痛，肝臟損傷導致[[黃疸]]<ref name=WHO2013/>，這類病患併發出血和[[腎功能衰竭|腎衰竭}}的風險較高<ref name=WHO2013/>。
The disease is caused by the yellow fever virus and is spread by the bite of the female mosquito.[2] It only infects humans, other primates, and several species of mosquitoes.[2] In cities, it is primarily spread by mosquitoes of the Aedes aegypti species.[2] The virus is an RNA virusof the genus Flavivirus.[3] The disease may be difficult to tell apart from other illnesses, especially in the early stages.[2] To confirm a suspected case, blood sample testing with polymerase chain reaction is required.[4]
黃熱病是一種[[黃病毒科]]的[[節肢介體病毒]]引起的<ref name="lindenbach2007"/>，此病毒是最小的人外[[核糖核酸病毒]]之一，主要的傳播方式是[[蚊|蚊蟲]]叮咬<ref name=WHO2013/>。黃熱病只會感染人類、[[靈長目|靈長類]]、以及數種蚊蟲<ref name=WHO2013/>。在都市中，主要的黃熱病病媒蚊是[[埃及斑蚊]]。患黃熱病初期的症狀相當不容易與其他疾病分辨<ref name=WHO2013/>，若要確認，通常需要採取血液檢體接受[[聚合酶鏈式反應|聚合酶連鎖反應試驗]]<ref name=Toll2009>{{cite journal | author = Tolle MA | title = Mosquito-borne diseases | journal = Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care | volume = 39 | issue = 4 | pages = 97–140 | date = April 2009 | pmid = 19327647 | doi = 10.1016/j.cppeds.2009.01.001 }}</ref>。
A safe and effective vaccine against yellow fever exists and some countries require vaccinations for travelers.[2] Other efforts to prevent infection include reducing the population of the transmitting mosquito.[2] In areas where yellow fever is common and vaccination is uncommon, early diagnosis of cases and immunization of large parts of the population is important to prevent outbreaks.[2] Once infected, management is symptomatic with no specific measures effective against the virus.[2] In those with severe disease, death occurs in about half of people without treatment.[2]
目前已有安全有效的黃熱病[[疫苗]]，有些國家會要求旅客入境前需接種<ref name=WHO2013/>；其他預防感染措施包括減少病媒蚊等<ref name=WHO2013/>。在缺乏疫苗的流行區域，預防黃熱病爆發疫情很重要的是早期診斷及廣泛施打疫苗增加具免疫力之族群<ref name=WHO2013/>。一旦被感染，目前沒有有效對抗黃熱病毒的方法，處置以支持性療法為主<ref name=WHO2013/>。病情嚴重的病患若無處置死亡率約達五成<ref name=WHO2013/>。
Yellow fever causes 200,000 infections and 30,000 deaths every year,[2] with nearly 90% of these occurring in Africa.[4] Nearly a billion people live in an area of the world where the disease is common.[2] It is common in tropical areas of South America and Africa, but not inAsia.[5][2] Since the 1980s, the number of cases of yellow fever has been increasing.[6][2] This is believed to be due to fewer people being immune, more people living in cities, people moving frequently, and changing climate.[2] The disease originated in Africa, where it spread to South America through the slave trade in the 17th century.[1] Since the 17th century, several major outbreaks of the disease have occurred in the Americas, Africa, and Europe.[1] In the 18th and 19th centuries, yellow fever was seen as one of the most dangerousinfectious diseases.[1] The yellow fever virus was the first human virus discovered.[3]
黃熱病源自非洲，17世紀時因[[奴隸貿易]]傳往美洲<ref name=Old2009>{{cite book|last=Oldstone|first=Michael|title=Viruses, Plagues, and History: Past, Present and Future|date=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199758494|pages=102–4|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=2XbHXUVY65gC&pg=PA103}}</ref>，並在歐美非三洲都{{link-en|流行病列表|List of epidemics|爆發}}過大流行<ref name=Old2009/>，直到18、19世紀，黃熱病都還被視為最危險的疾病之一<ref name=Old2009/>。現在黃熱病每年感染約20萬人，並造成3萬人死亡<ref name=WHO2013>{{cite web|title=Yellow fever Fact sheet N°100|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs100/en/|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=23 February 2014|date=May 2013}}</ref>（近九成發生在非洲<ref name=Toll2009/>）。有十億人口生活在黃熱病疫區<ref name=WHO2013/>，包括位處於[[熱帶]]的[[南美洲]]與[[非洲]]，但[[亞洲]]則沒有<ref name=CDC2011>{{cite web|url=http://www.cdc.gov/yellowfever/|title=CDC Yellow Fever||accessdate=2012-12-12}}</ref><ref name=WHO2013/>。自1980年代起，雖然早已有了特效疫苗黃熱病[[感染]]數再次開始上升<ref name=Barr2007>{{cite journal | author = Barrett AD, Higgs S | title = Yellow fever: a disease that has yet to be conquered | journal = Annu. Rev. Entomol. | volume = 52 | pages = 209–29 | year = 2007 | pmid = 16913829 | doi = 10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091454 }}</ref><ref name=WHO2013/>，推測是由於具免疫力的人口減少、都市化造成人口密度提升、便利的人口移動、以及[[氣候變遷]]<ref name=WHO2013/>。在某些[[非洲]]或[[南美]]國家，此病仍是[[出血症]]的重要起因。黃熱病毒是第一個被發現的人類病毒<ref name="lindenbach2007">{{cite book | title=Fields Virology|edition=5th |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins | author=Lindenbach, B. D., et al. |editor=Knipe, D. M. and P. M. Howley. (eds.) | year=2007 | location=Philadelphia, PA |page=1101 | isbn=0-7817606-0-7 |chapter=Flaviviridae: The Viruses and Their Replication}}</ref>。