英文條目：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortic_stenosis
Aortic stenosis (AS or AoS) is the narrowing of the exit of the left ventricle(心室) of the heart(心臟), such that problems result. It may occur at the aortic valve as well as above and below this level. It typically gets worse over time. Symptoms often come on gradually with a decreased ability to exercise often occurring first. If heart failure(心臟衰竭), loss of consciousness(昏厥), or heart related chest pain(心绞痛) occurs due to AS the outcomes are worse. Loss of consciousness typically occurs with standing or exercise. Signs of heart failure include shortness of breath(呼吸困难) especially when lying down, at night, or with exercise, and swelling of the legs(外週性水腫). Thickening of the valve without narrowing is known as aortic sclerosis.[1]
’’’主動脈瓣狹窄’’’（簡稱’’’AS’’’或’’’AoS’’’）即由[[左心室]]通向[[主動脈]]的瓣膜口狹窄而造成。它可由[[主動脈瓣]]的結構異常造成，也可由主動脈瓣的上游或下游解剖結構的異常造成。一般來說，其病情會隨時間愈發加重。其症狀往往由運動能力減退開始出現並逐漸加重。隨病情進一步發展，則會出現[[心臟衰竭]]、[[昏厥]]、[[心絞痛]]等臨床症狀與體徵：昏厥常發生於患者站立或運動時，心臟衰竭的臨床體徵包括[[呼吸困難]]（特別是在平臥、夜晚或運動時），以及[[外周性水腫]]。主動脈瓣膜變厚但瓣膜口未變狹窄則稱為主動脈瓣硬化[1]。
Causes include being born with a bicuspid aortic valve and rheumatic fever(風溼熱). A bicuspid aortic valve affects about one to two percent of the population while rheumatic heart disease mostly occurring in the developing world(发展中国家). A normal valve, however, may also harden over the decades. Risk factors are similar to those of coronary artery disease(冠狀動脈疾病) and includesmoking(吸菸), high blood pressure(高血壓), high cholesterol, diabetes(糖尿病), and being male. The aortic valve usually has three leaflets and is located between the left ventricle(心室) of the heart(心臟) and the aorta(主動脈). AS typically results in a heart murmur. Its severity can be divided into mild, moderate, severe, and very severe based on ultrasound of the heart(超声心动图)findings.[1]
致病原因包含先天性{{le|雙葉性動脈瓣|bicuspid aortic valve}}和[[風濕熱]]。雙葉性動脈瓣的盛行率約為1-2%，而風濕熱則大多影響[[開發中國家]]的人民。先天正常的瓣膜也可能因後天性因素硬化。風險因子與[[冠狀動脈疾病]]類似，包含[[吸菸]]、[[高血壓]]、{{le|膽固醇過高|High cholesterol}}，以及[[糖尿病]]等。此外，男性罹患此疾病的風險較高。主動脈瓣通常有三片，位於[[心室]]及[[主動脈]]之間。主動脈瓣狹窄會產生{{le|心臟雜音|Heart murmur}}，可根據[[超聲心動圖]]分為輕微、中度，及重度等級別[1]。
Aortic stenosis is typically followed using repeated ultrasounds. Once it has become severe treatment primarily involves valve replacement surgery with transcatheter aortic valve replacement(经皮主动脉瓣置换术) (TAVR) being an option in some who are at high risk from surgery. Valves may either be mechanical or bioprosthetic with each having risks and benefits. Another less invasive procedure, balloon aortic valvuloplasty (BAV) may result in benefit but this is for only for a few months. Complications like heart failure may be treated as per normal in those with mild to moderate AS. In those with severe disease a number of medications should be avoided including ACE inhibitors(血管紧张肽I转化酶抑制剂), nitroglycerin(硝酸甘油), and some beta blockers(Β受体阻断药).[1] Nitroprusside(硝普钠) or phenylephrine may be used in those with decompensated heart failure depending on the blood pressure.[1][2]
主動脈瓣狹窄可用超聲隨訪。當病情嚴重時，其治療主要採用[[瓣膜置換術]]，若病人難以承受開放手術風險，則一般採用[[經皮主動脈瓣置換術]](TAVR)。目前市面上的人工瓣膜主要有[[機械式]]與[[生物瓣膜]]兩種，兩種各有其優缺點。另一個侵入性較小的術式——[[氣球主動脈瓣膜整型術]](BAV)只能在幾個月之內對病人有一定益處。手術併發症之一——心臟衰竭可按其他患有輕度至中度主動脈瓣狹窄的患者的方案治療。病情嚴重患者需避免服用[[血管張力素I型轉化酶抑制劑]]、[[硝酸甘油]]以及一些[[β受体阻断药]][1]。依照患者血壓，[[硝普鈉]]及[[脫羥腎上腺素]]可用於同時患有[[失代償型心功能不全]]的患者[1][2]。
Aortic stenosis is the most common valvular heart disease in the developed world(已開發國家).[3] It affects about 2% of people who are over 65 years of age.[1] Estimated rates are not known in most of the developing world as of 2014.[4] In those who have symptoms, without repair, the chance of death at five years is about 50% and at 10 years is about 90%.[1] Aortic stenosis was first described by French physician Lazare Rivière in 1663.[5]
主動脈瓣狹窄在[[已開發國家]]是最常見的[[心臟瓣膜疾病]][3]，它大約影響65歲以上人口中的2%[1]。在2014，大部分開發中國家的盛行率仍不得而知[4]。對有症狀卻沒有動手術的病人，5年內的死亡率大約為50%，10年內為90%[1]。主動脈瓣狹窄最早在1663年被法國醫生Lazare Rivière記載出來[5]。