Wikipedia:WikiProject Medicine/Translation task force/RTT/Simple Yaws
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Yaws (also known as frambesia tropica, thymosis, polypapilloma tropicum, parangi, bouba, frambösie,[1] and pian[2]) is a tropical infection of the skin, bones and joints caused by the spirochete bacterium Treponema pallidum pertenue.[3][4] The disease begins with a round, hard swelling of the skin, 2 to 5 centimeters in diameter.[4] The center may break open and form an ulcer.[4] This initial skin lesion typically heals after three to six months.[5] After weeks to years, joints and bones may become painful, fatigue may develop, and new skin lesions may appear.[4] The skin of the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet may become thick and break open.[5] The bones (especially those of the nose) may become misshapen.[5] After five years or more large areas of skin death with subsequent scarring may occur.[4]
熱帶肉芽腫（Yaws）是發生在[[皮膚]]、[[骨骼]]及[[關節]]的[[熱帶]][[感染病]]，病原是[[螺旋體門]]的細菌[[梅毒螺旋体]][3][4]。熱帶肉芽腫一開始會在皮膚產生圓形的硬肿，直徑約二至五公分[4]，之後會破皮，變成[[溃疡]]，初期的皮肤损害會在三至六個月後會治癒[5]。在數週至一年後，關節及骨頭會開始疼痛，會覺得[[疲倦]]
，也會有新的皮肤损害[4]。手掌及腳掌的皮膚會變厚及破裂[5]。骨头（尤其是鼻子）可能成为畸形[5]。五年後會有大規模的皮膚壞死及随之出現的疤痕[4]。
Yaws is spread by direct contact with the fluid from a lesion of an infected person.[5] The contact is usually of a non-sexual nature.[5] The disease is most common among children, who spread it by playing together.[4] Other related treponemal diseases are bejel (Treponema pallidum endemicum), pinta (Treponema pallidum carateum), and syphilis (Treponema pallidum pallidum).[5] Yaws is often diagnosed by the appearance of the lesions.[5] Blood antibody tests may be useful but cannot separate previous from current infections.[5] Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the most accurate method of diagnosis.[5]
熱帶肉芽腫的傳播是透過直接接觸感染病患身上創口的液體[5]，且多非性接觸
[5]。此疾病最常見於孩童，因一起玩樂而傳播[4]。其餘和梅毒螺旋體有關的疾病還有bejel (Treponema pallidum endemicum), pinta (Treponema pallidum carateum), 及[[梅毒]] (Treponema pallidum pallidum)[5]。熱帶肉芽腫常因外貌上的病變而被診斷出來[5]。血液抗體檢測可能有用但沒辦法被分離出來[5]。[[聚合酶鏈鎖反應]]（簡稱PCR）是最精準的診斷方法[5]。
Prevention is, in part, by curing those who have the disease thereby decreasing the risk of transmission.[5] Where the disease is common, treating the entire community is effective.[5] Improving cleanliness and sanitation will also decrease spread.[5] Treatment is typically with antibiotics including: azithromycin by mouth or benzathine penicillin by injection.[5] Without treatment, physical deformities occur in 10% of cases.[5]
熱帶肉芽腫的預防方式之一是先治癒得病的病患以減少傳染的機會[5]。在疾病盛行的區域，治好整個社區是很有效的[5]，改善衛生環境及整潔也可以減少疾病散播[5]。通常以[[抗生素]]治療，包括口服[[阿奇黴素]]或注射[[芐星青黴素]][5]，若缺乏治療，有10%的機率會導致身體上的畸形[5]。
Yaws is common in at least 14 tropical countries as of 2012.[4][5] The disease infects only humans.[5] In the 1950s and 1960s the World Health Organization (WHO) nearly eradicated yaws.[5] Since then the number of cases has increased and WHO is again trying to eradicate the disease by 2020.[5] The last estimate of the number of people infected was more than 500,000 in 1995.[3] Although one of the first descriptions of the disease was made in 1679 by Willem Piso, archaeological evidence suggests that yaws may have been present among humans as far back as 1.6 million years ago.[4]
在2012年，熱帶肉芽腫至少已是14個[[熱帶國家]]的常見疾病[4][5]。該疾病只感染人類[5]。在1950至1960年代，[[世界衛生組織]](WHO)幾乎根除熱帶肉芽腫[5]。然而，病患之後又開始增加，因此WHO正努力在2020年前根除熱帶肉芽腫[5]。最新的估計在1995年，指出約有500,000人患有熱帶肉芽腫[3]。雖然此疾病在1679年被[[威廉·皮索]]第一次描述，考古學的證據卻指出熱帶肉芽腫可能早在一百六十萬年前就已經出現在人類身上[4]。