Diabetes mellitus (DM) also known as simply diabetes, is a group of metabolic diseases in which there are high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period.[2] This high blood sugar produces the symptoms of frequent urination, increased thirst, and increased hunger. Untreated, diabetes can cause many complications.[3] Acute complications include diabetic ketoacidosis and nonketotic hyperosmolar coma.[4] Serious long-term complications include heart disease, stroke, kidney failure, foot ulcers and damage to the eyes.[3]
’’’糖尿病’’’（[[英語]]：Diabetes mellitus ）是一類[[代謝症候群|代謝性疾病]]，它的特徵是血糖長時間高於標準值[2]。高血糖會造成三多的症狀：{{link-en|多食症|polyphagia|吃多}}、{{link-en|劇渴|polydipsia|喝多}}、[[多尿症|尿多]]。如果未經治療，糖尿病可能引發許多併發症[3]。急性併發症包括[[糖尿病酮症酸中毒|糖尿病酮酸血症]]與{{link-en|高滲透壓高血糖非酮酸性昏迷|Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state}}[4]；嚴重的長程併發症則包括[[心血管疾病]]、[[中風]]、[[慢性腎臟病]]、{{link-en|糖尿病足|Diabetic foot ulcer}}、以及[[糖尿病视网膜病变|視網膜病變]]等[3]。
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Diabetes is due to either the pancreas not producing enough insulin, or the cells of the body not responding properly to the insulin produced.[5] There are three main types of diabetes mellitus:
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糖尿病的成因有二：[[胰臟]]無法生產足夠的[[胰島素]]，或者是[[細胞]]對胰島素不敏感[5]。臨床上糖尿病則被分為三類：
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Prevention and treatment involves a healthy diet, physical exercise, not using tobacco, and being a normal body weight. Blood pressure control and proper foot care are also important for people with the disease. Type 1 diabetes must be managed with insulin injections.[3] Type 2 diabetes may be treated with medications with or without insulin.[7] Insulin and some oral medications can cause low blood sugar.[8] Weight loss surgery in those with obesity is an effective measure in those with type 2 DM.[9] Gestational diabetes usually resolves after the birth of the baby.[10]
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糖尿病的預防與治療方式包括維持[[均衡飲食]]、規律[[體能鍛煉|運動]]、戒[[香菸|菸]]、維持理想[[身高體重指數|體重]]。對於於糖尿病患者來說，[[血壓]]控制與足部護理也相當重要。第一型糖尿病必須注射[[胰島素]]控制血糖[3]；而第二型糖尿病則可以使用口服藥控制，若有需要也可以搭配胰島素注射[7]。糖尿病用的部分口服藥與胰島素都可能造成{{link-en|低血糖|hypoglycemia}}[8]。對同時患有[[肥胖症]]的第二型糖尿病患者而言，[[減肥手術]]是有效的治療[9]。對於[[妊娠糖尿病]]的患者來說，血糖通常會在生產後恢復正常[10]。
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Globally, as of 2013, an estimated 382 million people have diabetes worldwide, with type 2 diabetes making up about 90% of the cases.[11][12] This is equal to 8.3% of the adults population,[12] with equal rates in both women and men.[13] Worldwide in 2012 and 2013 diabetes resulted in 1.5 to 5.1 million deaths per year, making it the 8th leading cause of death.[14][7] Diabetes overall at least doubles the risk of death.[3] The number of people with diabetes is expected to rise to 592 million by 2035.[15] The economic costs of diabetes globally was estimated in 2013 at $548 billion[14] and in the United States in 2012 $245 billion.[16]
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2013年全球共有三億八千二百萬名糖尿病患者，當中有90%是第二型糖尿病[11][12]。在成年人中患有糖尿病的比例已經來到8.3%[12]，性別比例則大致相等[13]，預期到2035年全世界患者將增加到五億九千二百萬名[15]。2012-2013年間，糖尿病每年造成一千五百萬至五千一百萬人死亡，在死因中排名第八[7][14]。罹患糖尿病一般而言會使死亡風險加倍[3]，2013年全球因糖尿病所造成的花費估計達五千四百八十億美元[14]，2012年單在美國就花費二千四百五十億美元[16]。另有研究發現，[[亞洲]]人（特别是[[東亞]]地區）更容易患糖尿病，與以[[米飯]]为主食具高度的正相關性。[17][18]