英文連結:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traveler%27s_diarrhea
中文連結:目前尚無
20161104翻譯完成並整合到中文維基 https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/旅行者腹瀉
{{Infobox medical condition
| Name = 旅行者腹瀉Traveler’s diarrhea
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| synonyms = 旅行者腹瀉、觀光客腹瀉<ref name=FNEncyc>{{Cite book|title = Foods & Nutrition Encyclopedia, Two Volume Set|url = |publisher = CRC Press|date = 1993-11-09|isbn = 9780849389801|first = Marion Eugene|last = Ensminger|first2 = Audrey H.|last2 = Ensminger|page = 143}}</ref> 旅行者下痢<ref name=FNEncyc />
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| ICD9 = {{ICD9|009.2}}
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<!-- Definition and symptoms -->
Traveler’s diarrhea (TD) is a stomach and intestinal infection. TD is defined as the passage of unformed stool (one or more by some definitions, three or more by others) while traveling.[2][3] It may be accompanied by abdominal cramps, nausea, fever, and bloating.[3] Occasionally bloody diarrhea may occur.[4] Most travelers recover within four days with little or no treatment. About 10% of people may have symptoms for a week.[3]
<!-- 定義與病徵 -->
旅行者腹瀉是一種腸胃道感染疾病。旅行者腹瀉的定義是指在旅途之中，持續排出未成形[[糞便]]的狀態<ref name=Gid2016>{{cite journal|last1=Giddings|first1=SL|last2=Stevens|first2=AM|last3=Leung|first3=DT|title=Traveler’s Diarrhea |journal= The Medical clinics of North America|date=March 2016| volume= 100| issue= 2| pages= 317–30 |pmid= 26900116| doi= 10.1016/j.mcna.2015.08.017}}</ref><ref name=AFP2015/><ref name=AFP2015>{{cite journal| last1= Leder| first1= K|title=Advising travellers about management of travellers’ diarrhoea.|journal=Australian family physician |date= 2015| volume=44 |issue= 1–2|pages=34–37|pmid=25688957|url=http://www.racgp.org.au/afp/2015/januaryfebruary/advising-travellers-about-management-of-travellers%E2%80%99-diarrhoea/}}</ref>。常常伴隨著腹部痙攣性的疼痛、噁心、發燒、脹氣<ref name=AFP2015/>。偶而伴隨著[[痢疾|血痢]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Feldman|first1=Mark|title=Sleisenger and Fordtran’s Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Management| date= 2015| publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences| isbn= 9781455749898| page= 1924| edition= 10th| url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=4CMJBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1924}}</ref>。大多數的旅行者在毋需任何治療下，四天內可痊癒。大約只有10%左右的人症狀持續一周<ref name=AFP2015/>。
<!-- Cause and diagnosis -->
Bacteria are responsible for more than half of cases.[3] The bacteria enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) are typically the most common except in Southeast Asia, where Campylobacter is more prominent.[2][3] About 10% to 20% of cases are due to norovirus. Protozoa such as Giardia may cause longer term disease.[3] The risk is greatest in the first two weeks of travel and among young adults. People affected are more often from the developed world.[2]
<!-- 病因與診斷 -->
超過半數以上的旅行者腹瀉均是由[[細菌]]引起<ref name=AFP2015/>。{{tsl|en|Enterotoxigenic_Escherichia_coli|致病性大腸桿菌|致病性大腸桿菌(ETEC)}}是最常見的病原，但在[[東南亞]]是以{{tsl|en|Campylobacter|曲狀桿菌|曲狀桿菌}}為主<ref name=Gid2016/><ref name=AFP2015/>。有百分之十到百分之二十的案例是因為[[諾羅病毒]]。像[[鞭毛蟲]]一樣的[[原生動物]]會導致較長的病程<ref name=AFP2015/>。旅行者腹瀉主要會在旅行開始前兩周、影響年輕人。且來自[[已開發國家]]的患者較多<ref name=Gid2016/>。
Recommendations for prevention include eating only properly cleaned and cooked food, drinking bottled water, and frequent hand washing.[5] The oral cholera vaccine, while effective for cholera, is of questionable use for travelers diarrhea.[6] Preventative antibiotics are generally discouraged.[3] Primary treatment includes drinking lots of fluids and replacing lost salts (oral rehydration therapy).[3][5] Antibiotics are recommended for significant or persistent symptoms, and can be taken with loperamide to decrease diarrhea.[3] Hospitalization is required in less than 3% of cases.[2]
<!-- 預防與治療 -->
避免腹瀉的建議，包含只食用妥善清潔和烹煮的食物﹑飲用[[瓶裝水]]，以及時常{{tsl|en|hand washing|洗手|洗手}}。<ref name=CDC2013/>[[霍亂疫苗]]雖然對治療[[霍亂]]有效，但治療旅行者的腹瀉之療效仍有待釐清。<ref name=Coch2013Duk>{{cite journal| last1= Ahmed| first1= T| last2= Bhuiyan| first2= TR| last3= Zaman| first3= K|last4=Sinclair|first4=D|last5=Qadri|first5=F|title=Vaccines for preventing enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) diarrhoea | journal= The Cochrane database of systematic reviews|date=5 July 2013| volume= 7| pages= CD009029| pmid= 23828581| doi= 10.1002/14651858.CD009029.pub2}}</ref>預防性的[[抗细菌药|抗菌藥物]]一般而言不建議使用。<ref name=AFP2015/>初步的治療方式包含喝下大量的液體，並且補充流失的鹽分（{{tsl|en|oral rehydration therapy|口服補充脫水療法|口服補充脫水療法}}）。<ref name=AFP2015/><ref name=CDC2013/>在症狀持續的情況下，建議使用抗生素，而且可以跟{{tsl|en|loperamide|樂必寧|樂必寧}}搭配服用以降低腹瀉情形。<ref name=AFP2015/>只有不到3%的個案需要住院。<ref name=Gid2016/>
<!-- Epidemiology, prognosis, and culture -->
Estimates of the percentage of people affected range from 20 to 50% among travelers to the developing world.[3] TD is particularly common among people travelling to Asia (except Japan), the Middle East, Africa, Mexico, and Central and South America.[5] TD has been linked to later irritable bowel syndrome and Guillain–Barré syndrome.[2][3] It has colloquially been known by a number of names, including Montezuma’s revenge and Delhi belly.[7]
<!-- 流行病學、預後、以及文化 -->
[[发展中国家]]<ref name=AFP2015/>的旅客受旅行者腹瀉的影響比例約為20-50% ；在前往亞洲（日本除外）、中東、非洲、墨西哥與中南美洲等國度的旅者中常見<ref name=CDC2013>{{cite web|url=http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/travelers-diarrhea|date=April 26, 2013|title=Travelers’ Diarrhea|work=cdc.gov}}</ref> 旅行者腹瀉與後來的 [[大腸激躁症]] 和 [[格林－巴利综合征]]有關.<ref name=Gid2016/><ref name=AFP2015/> 旅行者腹瀉在英文世界的通俗名稱很多，像是「蒙特祖馬的復仇（{{lang|en|Montezuma’s revenge}}）」和 「德里肚（{{lang|en|Delhi belly}}）」。<ref name="webm_Trav">{{cite web | title = Traveler’s Diarrhea-Topic Overview | work = WebMD | date = 2013-03-27 | accessdate = 2015-07-02 | url = http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/travelers-diarrhea-topic-overview | quote = Traveler’s diarrhea is sometimes called by its more colorful names: Montezuma’s revenge, Delhi belly, and Turkey trots. }}</ref>