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Polio vaccines, are vaccines(疫苗) used to prevent poliomyelitis(脊髓灰質炎) (polio).[1] One type uses inactivated poliovirus and is given by injection (IPV), while the other type uses weakened poliovirus(減毒性病毒) and is given by mouth (OPV). The World Health Organization(世界卫生组织) recommends all children be vaccinated against polio.[1] The two vaccines have eliminated polio from most of the world,[2][3] and reduced the number of cases each year from an estimated 350,000 in 1988 to 359 in 2014.[4]
小兒麻痺疫苗(Polio Vaccine)係為預防脊髓灰質炎(polio)的[[疫苗]]，一種是利用{{le|滅活疫苗|inactivated vaccine|非活性化}}的脊髓灰質炎病毒（<!--{{lang-en|Inactivated polio vaccine}}; -->’’’IPV’’’）透過注射接種，另一種[[減毒性病毒|減毒疫苗]]（<!--{{lang-en|Oral polio vaccine}}; -->’’’OPV’’’）透過口服投藥。世界卫生组织建議全球兒童都應該接種以避免罹患小兒麻痺[1]。此兩種疫苗有效控制了全球病情[2][3]，並成功降低每年患病人數；從1988年350,000名病例降低至2014年的359名。[4]
The inactivated polio vaccines are very safe. Mild redness or pain may occur at the site of injection. Oral polio vaccines result in vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis in about three per million doses. Both are generally safe to give during pregnancy(妊娠) and in those who have HIV/AIDS(艾滋病) but are otherwise well.[1]
IPV 是非常安全的疫苗，頂多注射的局部位置會發生輕微的泛紅或是疼痛症狀；OPV則可能造成vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis(暫譯：疫苗引起的麻痺性急性腫瘤脊髓灰質炎)，大約每一百萬人中會出現三位這種症狀。兩種疫苗對妊娠人士、艾滋病患者皆相當安全且仍舊有效。
The first polio vaccine was the inactivated polio vaccine. It was developed by Jonas Salk(乔纳斯·索尔克) and come into use in 1955.[1] The oral polio vaccine was developed by Albert Sabin(阿爾伯特·沙賓) and came into commercial use in 1961.[1][5] They are on the World Health Organization’s List of Essential Medicines(世界卫生组织基本药物标准清单), the most important medication needed in a basic health system.[6]The wholesale cost is about 0.25 USD per dose for the oral form as of 2014.[7] In the United States it costs between 25 and 50 USD for the inactivated form.[8]
最早的小兒麻痺疫苗是 IPV，由乔纳斯·索尔克(Jonas Salk)研發，於1955首次施用[1] ；OPV 則是由阿爾伯特·沙賓(Albert Sabin)研發，上市於1961年。兩種疫苗皆列於最基本的健康照護系統(health system)中最必要的藥物清單[[世界卫生组织基本药物标准清单]]登錄有案[6]，2014年每劑口服疫苗批發價大約在0.24美元[7] ，在美國注射疫苗大約需25-50美元。[8]