引言位置 : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Medicine/Translation_task_force/RTT/Simple_pancreatitis
<!-- Definition and symptoms -->
Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas. The pancreas is a large organ behind the stomach which produces digestive enzymes. There are two main types, acute pancreatitis and chronic pancreatitis. Symptoms of pancreatitis include pain in the upper abdomen,nausea and vomiting. The pain often goes into the back and is usually severe. In acute pancreatitis a fever may occur and symptoms typically resolve in a few days. In chronic pancreatitis weight loss, fatty stool, and diarrhea may occur. Complications may include infection, bleeding, diabetes, or problems with other organs.[1]
<定義與症狀>
胰臟炎如同字面上的意思，指的是[[胰臟]]的[[發炎]]。胰臟是身體裡的一個大型器官，位置在[[胃]]後方，功能有分泌[[消化酵素]]等等。胰臟炎有兩種，分別是[[急性胰臟炎|急性]]和[慢性胰臟炎[|慢性]]。兩種型式共同表現的症狀有[[上腹部疼痛]]、[[噁心]]、[[嘔吐]]等。值得注意的是，胰臟炎所引發的疼痛，病患通常會感覺從上腹部一直繞到背後都有疼痛感，且程度十分劇烈。兩種型式也有一些不同的表現，急性胰臟炎可能會有[[發燒]]的情況，但通常幾天內就會緩解；慢性胰臟炎則可能會有體重減輕、[[糞便帶有油脂]]、[[腹瀉]]等情況發生；另外慢性會有感染、出血、[[糖尿病]]等併發症，可能也會影響到身體其他器官[1]。
<!-- Causes and diagnosis -->
The most common causes of acute pancreatitis are gallstones and heavy alcohol use. Other causes include direct trauma, certain medications, infections such as mumps, and tumors among others. Chronic pancreatitis may develop as a result of acute pancreatitis. It is most commonly due to many years of heavy alcohol use. Other causes include high levels of blood fats, high blood calcium, some medications, and certain genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis among others.[1] Smoking increases the risk of both acute and chronic pancreatitis.[2][3] Diagnosis of acute pancreatitis is based on a threefold increase in the blood of either amylase or lipase. In chronic pancreatitis these tests may be normal. Medical imaging such as ultrasound and CT scan may also be useful.[1]alcohol
<病因及診斷>
急性胰臟炎最常見的病因是[[膽結石]]以及[[酗酒]]。其他有可能的原因包括：外傷、使用特定藥物、[[腮腺炎]]等感染甚至是[[腫瘤]]。慢性胰臟炎可能為急性胰臟炎後的結果。但最常見的原因還是因為多年的[[酗酒]]。其他可能引發慢性胰臟炎的原因有：[[高血脂]]、[[高血鈣]]、使用特定藥物甚至是部分[[遺傳性疾病]]，像是[[囊腫纖維症]][1]。抽菸會同時增加急性與慢性胰臟炎發生的可能[2][3]。診斷急性胰臟炎時，血中的[[澱粉酶]]或[[脂解酶]]可能為正常值的三倍以上，但慢性胰臟炎的[[澱粉酶]]跟[[脂解酶]]可能為正常數值。[[超音波]]或[[電腦斷層]]等[[醫學影像檢查]]也可幫助診斷[1]。
<!-- Prevention and treatment -->
Acute pancreatitis is usually treated with intravenous fluids, pain medication, and sometimes antibiotics. Typically no eating or drinking is allowed and a tube may be placed into the stomach. A procedure known as a endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) may be done to open the pancreatic duct if blocked. In those with gallstones the gallbladder is often also removed. In chronic pancreatitis, in addition to the above, temporary feeding through a nasogastric tube may be used to provide adequate nutrition. Long term dietary changes and pancreatic enzyme replacement may be required. And occasionally surgery is done to remove parts of the pancreas.[1]
<預防與治療>
急性胰臟炎經常以[[靜脈點滴]]及[[止痛藥]]治療，有時也會使用[[抗生素]]。原則上，進食與飲水都是被禁止的，且可能會有[[管子]]被留置在胃裡。如果[[胰管]]阻塞，將會施行[[內視鏡逆行性膽胰管攝影]]的手術，維持胰管通暢，攝影時如果發現[[膽囊]]裡有膽結石，則會一併摘除。ˋ至於慢性胰臟炎，除了上述所提及的治療外，也可能暫時使用管灌飲食，來提供患者充足的[[營養]]。長期而言，改善飲食習慣並[[胰臟酵素替代療法]]是相當必要的。有時，會需要以手術去除部分胰腺[1]。
<!-- Epidemiology and history -->
Acute pancreatitis occurs in about 30 per 100,000 people a year.[2] New cases of chronic pancreatitis develop in about 8 per 100,000 people a year and currently affect about 50 per 100,000 people in the United States.[4] Globally, in 2013 pancreatitis resulted in 123,000 deaths up from 83,000 deaths in 1990.[5] It is more common in men than women. Often chronic pancreatitis starts between the ages of 30 and 40 while it is rare in children.[1] Acute pancreatitis was first described on autopsy in 1882 while chronic pancreatitis was first described in 1946.[4]
<流行病學與沿革>
每年於十萬人中，大約會有三十人罹患急性胰臟炎。 [2]-而每年每十萬人中會多出八個慢性胰臟炎的新案例，在美國，約有萬分之五的人罹患慢性胰臟炎。[4]1990年，全球共有八萬三千人因此喪命，到了2013年，則上升到了十二萬三千人。[5]相對於女性，男性更容易罹患胰臟炎。慢性胰臟炎大多好發於三十歲至四十歲左右成人，在幼童極為少見。[1] 1882年，急性胰臟炎首次經由解剖被描述，而直到1946年，慢性胰臟炎才逐漸被視為一種疾病。[4]
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