Wikipedia:WikiProject Medicine/Translation task force/RTT/Simple otitis media
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Otitis media is a group of inflammatory diseases of the middle ear.[1] The two main types are acute otitis media (AOM) and otitis media with effusion (OME).[2] “AOM is an infection of abrupt onset that usually presents with ear pain. In young children this may result in pulling at the ear, increased crying, and poor sleep.
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中耳炎是一系列中耳發炎疾病之統稱[1]。.其中以[[急性中耳炎]]和[[中耳積水]]兩型最為常見[2]。急性中耳炎為急性感染所致，耳朵疼痛為其常見的臨床症狀。罹患急性中耳炎的幼童，常有拉扯耳朵、哭聲次數增加及睡眠品質不佳等情況。
The cause of AOM is related to childhood anatomy and immune function. Either bacteria or viruses may be involved. Risk factors include: exposure to smoke, use of pacifiers, and attending daycare. It occurs more commonly in those who are Native American or who have Down syndrome.[4] OME frequently occurs following AOM but may also be related to viral upper respiratory infections, irritants such as smoke, or allergies.[4][2] Looking at the eardrum is important for making the correct diagnosis.[5] Signs of AOM include bulging or a lack of movement of the tympanic membrane from a puff of air.[6][3] New discharge not related to otitis externaalso indicates the diagnosis.[3]
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造 成急性中耳炎的原因與孩童時代的解剖構造或免疫系統功能有關。細菌或病毒都有可能是致病因子。危險因子包含：暴露於煙霧中、使用奶嘴，以及待在日間托兒中 心。急性中耳炎較常發生在美洲原住民或唐氏症患者身上[4]。中耳積水則常常伴隨在急性中耳炎之後發生，但也可能與上呼吸道病毒感染、煙霧或過敏原等刺激 物有關 [4][2]。耳膜視診對於做出正確的診斷來說是重要的[5]。急性中耳炎的病徵包括耳膜向外凸出、無法像在正常情況下那樣受空氣的擾動而震動[6] [3]，或是有新分泌物出現且分泌物並非源自外耳炎[3]。
A number of measures decrease the risk of otitis media including: pneumococcal and influenza vaccination, exclusive breastfeedingfor the first six months of life, and avoiding tobacco smoke.[3] In those with otitis media with effusion antibiotics do not generally speed recovery.[6][7] The use of pain medications for AOM is important.[3] This may include: paracetamol (acetaminophen), ibuprofen,benzocaine ear drops, or opioids.[3] In AOM antibiotics may speed recovery but may result in side effects.[8] Antibiotics are often recommended in those with severe disease or under two years old. In those with less severe disease they may only be recommended in those who do not improve after two or three days.[6] The initial antibiotic of choice is typically amoxicillin. In those with frequent infections tympanostomy tubes may decrease recurrence.[3]
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注射肺炎鏈球菌疫苗、流感疫苗、六個月以下的嬰兒完全餵母乳以及避免接觸香煙能夠降低罹患中耳炎的風險。[3]在滲出性中耳炎的病患使用抗生素不會加速疾病的復原。[6][7]在急性中耳炎的病患使用止痛劑是很重要的，這包括了对乙酰氨基酚 (acetaminophen) , 布洛芬(ibuprofen), 苯佐卡因(benzocaine)耳藥水以及鴉片類止痛劑。[3]抗生素能夠加速急性中耳炎的恢復，但有可能會造成副作用。抗生素被建議使用在病情嚴重或小於兩歲的病患。對於病情較不嚴重的病患，抗生素只有被建議在兩或三天後病情還沒有改善的病患上使用。[6]一般上會先使用安莫西林(amoxicilin)來當做抗生素。對於反复中耳炎感染的病患，鼓膜造孔術可能可以降低復發率。[3]
Worldwide AOM affect about 11% of people a year (about 710 million cases).[9] Half the cases involve children less than five years of age and it is more common among males.[4][9] Of those affected about 4.8% or 31 million develop chronic suppurative otitis media.[9] Before the age of ten OME affects about 80% of children at some point in time.[4]Otitis media resulted in 2,400 deaths in 2013 – down from 4,900 deaths in 1990.[10]
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急性中耳炎影響了全球約11%的人口（7）一半的個案是發生在小於五歲的幼童而且大多為男性, 在急性中耳炎感染的病例中約4.8%或是三千一百萬的個案會發展成慢性化膿性中耳炎. 曾在一段時間內, 中耳積水影響了近八成未屆10歲的兒童. 1990年, 中耳炎在全世界造成4900件的死亡案例---在2013年時, 這個數字已降至2400件
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