利多卡因Lidocaine

中文：https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/利多卡因

英文：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Medicine/Translation_task_force/RTT/Simple_Lidocaine

Lidocaine, also known as xylocaine and lignocaine, is a medication used to freeze tissue in a specific area(局部麻醉药) and to treat ventricular tachycardia.^[2][1] It can be used for nerve blocks. Lidocaine mixed with a small amount epinephrine(肾上腺素) is available to allow larger doses to be used as freezing and to make it last longer. As injectable freezing it typically begins working within four minutes and lasts for two to three hours. Lidocaine may also be applied directly to the skin for freezing.^[2]

’’’利多卡因（{{lang-en|Lidocaine}}）’’’又稱為’’’苦息樂卡因（{{lang-en|xylocaine}}）’’’或’’’里格卡因（{{lang-en|lignocaine}}）’’’，為一種[[局部麻醉藥]]且可用於治療{{tsl|en|ventricular tachycardia|心室性心搏過速|心室性心搏過速}}<ref name=AHFS2015L>{{cite web|title=Lidocaine Hydrochloride (Local)|url=http://www.drugs.com/monograph/lidocaine-hydrochloride-local.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|accessdate=Aug 26, 2015}}</ref><ref name=AHFS2015A>{{cite web|title=Lidocaine Hydrochloride (Antiarrhythmic)|url=http://www.drugs.com/monograph/lidocaine-hydrochloride-antiarrhythmic.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|accessdate=Aug 26, 2015}}</ref>。它可被用於{{tsl|en|nerve block|神經傳導阻滯|神經傳導阻滯}}，當利多卡因與少量的[[腎上腺素]]混合後，可以較高劑量用在麻醉並維持較久效用。使用注射方式麻醉會於四分鐘內產生反應，並持續作用二到三個小時；利多卡因也可以直接用於皮膚來麻醉<ref name=AHFS2015L/>。

Common side effects with intravenous use include sleepiness, muscle twitching, confusion, changes in vision, numbness, tingling, and vomiting. It can cause low blood pressure(低血壓) and an irregular heart rate.^[1] There are concerns that injecting it into a joint can cause problems with the cartilage(软骨).^[2] It appears to be generally safe for use in pregnancy(妊娠).^[1] A lower dose may be required in those with liver problems.^[1] It is generally safe to use in those allergic to tetracaine or benzocaine(苯佐卡因).^[2] Lidocaine is an antiarrhythmic(抗心律失常药) of the class Ib type.^[1]

靜脈注射常見的副作用包含嗜睡、肌肉抽搐、困惑、視力改變、麻木、麻刺感及嘔吐。也可能造成 low blood pressure(低血壓)及不正常的心率；利多卡因對pregnancy(妊娠)患者通常較安全[1]，肝病患者可能須使用較低劑量，將利多卡因注射進關節有對cartilage(软骨)造成問題的疑慮[2]，對tetracaine或benzocaine(苯佐卡因)過敏的人而言，利多卡因相對安全；同時也是antiarrhythmic(抗心律失常药)的1b等級用藥。.[1]

Common side effects with intravenous use include sleepiness, muscle twitching, confusion, changes in vision, numbness, tingling, and vomiting. It can cause [[低血壓]] and an irregular heart rate.<ref name=AHFS2015A/> There are concerns that injecting it into a joint can cause problems with the [[软骨]].<ref name=AHFS2015L/> It appears to be generally safe for use in [[妊娠]].<ref name=AHFS2015A/> A lower dose may be required in those with liver problems.<ref name=AHFS2015A/> It is generally safe to use in those allergic to {{tsl|en|tetracaine||tetracaine}} or [[苯佐卡因]].<ref name=AHFS2015L/> Lidocaine is an [[抗心律失常药]] of the class Ib type.<ref name=AHFS2015A/>

Lidocaine was discovered in 1946 and went on sale in 1948.^[3] It is on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines(世界卫生组织基本药物标准清单), the most important medications needed in a basic healthcare system.^[4] It is available as a generic medication and is not very expensive.^[2][5] A vial of medication wholesale is about 0.50 to 1.00 USD.^[6]

利多卡因發現於1946年，1948年上市[3] ，在最基本的健康照護系統中最必要的藥物清單[[世界卫生组织基本药物标准清单]]登錄有案[4] ，作為學名藥也不是非常昂貴[2][5]，一瓶利卡多因的批發價格約在0.5至1.00美元間。[6]

Lidocaine was discovered in 1946 and went on sale in 1948.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Ralph Landau|title=Pharmaceutical innovation : revolutionizing human health|date=1999|publisher=Chemical Heritage Press|location=Philadelphia|isbn=9780941901215|page=211|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=IH4lPs6S1bMC&pg=PA211}}</ref> It is on the [[世界卫生组织基本药物标准清单]], the most important medications needed in a basic {{tsl|en|healthcare system||healthcare system}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=WHO Model List of Essential Medicines|format=PDF|url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/93142/1/EML_18_eng.pdf?ua=1|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=22 April 2014|date=October 2013}}</ref> It is available as a generic medication and is not very expensive.<ref name=AHFS2015L/><ref>{{cite book|last1=Hamilton|first1=Richart|title=Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2015 Deluxe Lab-Coat Edition|date=2015|publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning|isbn=9781284057560|page=22}}</ref> A vial of medication wholesale is about 0.50 to 1.00 USD.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lidocaine HCL|url=http://erc.msh.org/dmpguide/resultsdetail.cfm?language=english&code=LID2A&s_year=2014&year=2014&str=2%25&desc=Lidocaine%20HCl&pack=new&frm=VIAL&rte=INJ&class_code2=12%2E2%2E&supplement=&class_name=%2801%2E2%2E%29Local%20anaesthetics%3Cbr%3E%2812%2E2%2E%29Antiarrhythmic%20medicines%3Cbr%3E|website=International Drug Price Indicator Guide|accessdate=27 August 2015}}</ref>

{{Drugbox| Watchedfields = changed

| verifiedrevid = 464370713

| IUPAC_name = 2-(diethylamino)- ’’N’’-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)acetamide

| image = Lidocaine.svg

| width = 200px

| image2 = Lidocaine-from-xtal-3D-balls.png

| width2 = 200px

| pronounce = Lidocaine {{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|aɪ|d|ɵ|k|eɪ|n}}

lignocaine {{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|ɪ|ɡ|n|ɵ|k|eɪ|n}}

| tradename = Xylocaine

| Drugs.com = Local {{drugs.com|monograph|lidocaine-hydrochloride-local-anesthetic}}

Injectable {{drugs.com|monograph|lidocaine-hydrochloride}}

| pregnancy_AU = A

| pregnancy_US = B

| legal_AU = S4

| legal_US = Rx only

| legal_US_comment = ([[非处方药]] for ≤4%)

| routes_of_administration = [[靜脈注射]], {{tsl|en|Subcutaneous injection||subcutaneous}}, [[外用藥物]], [[口服给药]]

| bioavailability = 35% (oral) 3% (topical)

| metabolism = [[肝臟]],<ref name=AHFS2015A/> 90% [[CYP1A2]]-mediated

| onset = within 1.5 min (IV)<ref name=AHFS2015A/>

| elimination_half-life = 1.5–2 hours

| duration_of_action= 10 to 20 min(IV)<ref name=AHFS2015A/>, 2 to 3 hrs (injection)<ref name=AHFS2015L/>

| excretion = [[腎]]<ref name=AHFS2015A/>

| CAS_number_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}}

| CAS_number = 137-58-6

| CAS_supplemental = {{CAS|73-78-9}} (hydrochloride)

| ATC_prefix = C01

| ATC_suffix = BB01

| ATC_supplemental = {{ATC|C05|AD01}} {{ATC|D04|AB01}} {{ATC|N01|BB02}} {{ATC|R02|AD02}} {{ATC|S01|HA07}} {{ATC|S02|DA01}}

| PubChem = 367

| IUPHAR_ligand = 2623

| DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}

| DrugBank = DB00281

| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}

| ChemSpiderID = 3548

| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}

| UNII = 98PI200987

| KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}

| KEGG = D00358

| ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}

| ChEBI = 6456

| ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}

| ChEMBL = 79

| C=14 | H=22 | N=2 | O=1

| molecular_weight = 234.34 g/mol

| smiles = O=C(Nc1c(cccc1C)C)CN(CC)CC

| InChI = 1/C14H22N2O/c1-5-16(6-2)10-13(17)15-14-11(3)8-7-9-12(14)4/h7-9H,5-6,10H2,1-4H3,(H,15,17)

| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}

| StdInChI = 1S/C14H22N2O/c1-5-16(6-2)10-13(17)15-14-11(3)8-7-9-12(14)4/h7-9H,5-6,10H2,1-4H3,(H,15,17)

| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}

| StdInChIKey = NNJVILVZKWQKPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N

| synonyms = ’’N’’-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-’’N’’2,’’N’’2-diethylglycinamide

| melting_point = 68

}}