斜體為現有中文維基原文
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Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease of humans and other animals caused by parasitic protozoans (a type of single cell microorganism) of the Plasmodium type.[1] Malaria causes symptoms that typically include fever, fatigue, vomiting and headaches. In severe cases it can cause yellow skin, seizures, coma or death.[2] These symptoms usually begin ten to fifteen days after being bitten. In those who have not been appropriately treated disease may recur months later.[1] In those who have recently survived an infection, re-infection typically causes milder symptoms. This partial resistance disappears over months to years if their is no ongoing exposure to malaria.[2]
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’’’瘧疾’’’（{{Lang-en|Malaria}}）是一種 [[蚊子傳播的疾病|蚊媒病]]，由寄生性的[[原生生物界]]（一種單細胞 [[微生物]]）[[瘧原蟲]]屬[1]引起，人類及其他動物的全球性急性[[寄生蟲]][[傳染病]]。瘧疾引起的典型症狀有[[發燒]]、{{Link-en|癲癇發作|Epileptic_seizure}}、[[嘔吐]]以及 [[頭痛]]。獨特症狀為間歇性發冷發熱。在嚴重的病例中會引起 [[黃疸]] 、[[癲癇發作]]、[[昏迷]]或 [[死亡]][2]。這些症狀通常在被蚊子叮咬後十到十五天內開始出現，沒有受到適當治療的病人(但症狀緩解)可能於數個月後會再次出現這些症狀[1]。而在瘧疾倖存者中，再次感染通常引起的症狀通常較輕微。如果沒有持續暴露在瘧疾環境中，這種少量的{{Link-en|抵抗力|Immunity}}會在數月至數年間消失[2]。
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Commonly, the disease is transmitted by the bite of an infected female Anopheles mosquito. This bite introduces the parasites from the mosquito’s saliva into a person’s blood.[1] The parasites then travel to the liver where they mature and reproduce. Five species ofPlasmodium can infect and be spread by humans.[2] Most deaths are caused by P. falciparum with P. vivax, P. ovale, andP. malariae generally cause a milder form of malaria.[1][2] The species P. knowlesi rarely causes disease in humans.[1] Malaria is typically diagnosed by the microscopic examination of blood using blood films, or with antigen-based rapid diagnostic tests.[2]Methods that use the polymerase chain reaction to detect the parasite’s DNA have been developed, but are not widely used in areas where malaria is common due to their cost and complexity.[3]
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一般來說，瘧疾是透過受感染的雌性[[瘧蚊]]叮咬來傳播的。寄生蟲瘧原蟲會透過瘧蚊叮咬從蚊子的唾液中傳入至人類的[[血液]]中[1]，接著瘧原蟲會隨血液移動至肝臟，在肝臟細胞中發育成熟及繁殖。瘧原蟲屬中有五種是可藉由感染人類進行散播[2]，多數死亡案例由[[恶性疟原虫|惡性瘧]、{{Link-en|間日瘧|Plasmodium vivax}}及{{Link-en|卵形瘧|Plasmodium_ovale}}所造成，而{{Link-en|三日瘧|Plasmodium_malariae}}則產生較輕微的瘧疾症狀[1][2]。另外，{{Link-en|猴瘧蟲（諾氏瘧蟲）|Plasmodium_knowlesi}}較少在人類身上造成疾病[1]。診斷瘧疾主要透過顯微鏡檢驗{{Link-en|血液抹片|Blood_film}}或是加上{{Link-en|快速瘧疾抗原診斷測試|Malaria_antigen_detection_tests}}[2]。近年發展[[聚合酶鏈式反應]]來偵測瘧原蟲的[[DNA]]，但目前因為成本及複雜性，而沒有廣泛地應用在瘧疾[[地方性流行|盛行地區]][3]。
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The risk of disease can be reduced by preventing mosquito bites by using mosquito nets and insect repellents, or with mosquito-control measures such as spraying insecticides and draining standing water.[2] Several medications are available to prevent malariain travellers to areas where the disease is common. Occasional doses of the medication sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine are recommended in infants and after the first trimester of pregnancy in areas with high rates of malaria. Despite a need, no effectivevaccine exists, although efforts to develop one are ongoing.[1] The recommended treatment for malaria is a combination ofantimalarial medications that includes an artemisinin.[1][2] The second medication may be either mefloquine, lumefantrine, or sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine.[4] Quinine along with doxycycline may be used if an artemisinin is not available.[4] It is recommended that in areas where the disease is common, malaria is confirmed if possible before treatment is started due to concerns of increasing drug resistance. Resistance has developed to several antimalarial medications; for example, chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum has spread to most malarial areas, and resistance to artemisinin has become a problem in some parts of Southeast Asia.[1]
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避免瘧蚊叮咬能夠降低感染瘧疾的風險，透過使用[[蚊帳]]以及[[防蚊液|驅蟲劑]] 或其他{{Link-en|控制蚊蟲生長|Mosquito contro}}的方法，像是噴灑[[殺蟲劑]]以及清除積水[2]。前往瘧疾盛行區的旅客可以使用幾種藥物來{{Link-en|預防瘧疾|Malaria_prophylaxis}}，而瘧疾好發地區的[[嬰兒]]及過了[[妊娠#.E6.87.B7.E5.AD.95.E5.88.9D.E6.9C.9F|懷孕初期第一妊娠期]]的[[孕婦]]也建議適量使用{{Link-en|周效磺胺/比利美胺|Sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine}}。20世紀中期以後也出現了一些新的藥物，中國科學家研製的 [[青蒿素]] 有很好的抗瘧疾效果。儘管有所需求，但瘧疾尚無[[疫苗]]，目前相關研究正在進行中[1]。瘧疾的建議治療是併用[[青蒿素]]及另一種[[抗疟药|抗瘧疾藥物]][1][2]，包括{{Link-en|甲氟喹|Mefloquine}}、{{Link-en|苯芴醇|Lumefantrine}}或{{Link-en|周效磺胺/比利美胺|Sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine}}[4]。如果無法取得青蒿素，則可使用[[奎寧]]加上[[去氧羥四環素]][4]。由於擔心[[抗藥性]]的增加，建議在瘧疾盛行地區儘可能確診為瘧疾後再開始治療。目前瘧疾逐漸對於幾種藥物發展出抗藥性，例如：具有{{Link-en|氯化奎寧/氯喹|chloroquine}}抗藥性的惡性瘧已經散布到多數的瘧疾地區，另外青蒿素抗藥性問題在部分東南亞地區日益嚴重[1]。
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The disease is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions that are present in a broad band around the equator.[2] This includes much of Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, and Latin America. The World Health Organization estimates that in 2012, there were 207 million cases of malaria. That year, the disease is estimated to have killed between 473,000 and 789,000 people, many of whom were children in Africa.[1] Malaria is commonly associated with poverty and has a major negative effect on economic development.[5][6] In Africa it is estimated to result in losses of $12 billion USD a year due to increased healthcare costs, lost ability to work and effects on tourism.[7]
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瘧疾普遍存在於[[熱帶]]及[[亞熱帶]]地區，位於[[赤道]]周圍的寬大帶狀區域[2]。這個區域包含了[[撒哈拉沙漠非洲]]、[[亞洲]]、及[[拉丁美洲]的大部分地區。主要流行地區是 [[非洲中部]]、[[南亞]]、[[東南亞]]及 [[南美洲|南美]]北部的熱帶地區，這其中又以 [[非洲]] 的疫情最甚。就中國而言，瘧疾主要的流行地帶為[[華中]][[華南]]的叢林多山地區，但疫情遠較非洲為輕。世界範圍內，呈現臨床症狀的病例每年就在三億到五億之間，每年因患瘧疾死亡的人數在一到三百萬之間，其中大部分為兒童。[[世界衛生組織]]預估2012年，將會有二億七百萬例瘧疾案例，同時也預估該年因患瘧疾死亡人數介於四十七萬三千人至七十八萬九千人之間，多數為非洲的孩童[1]。瘧疾與貧困息息相關，造成[[經濟發展]]相當大的負面影響[5][6]。非洲預估每年損失一百二十億美元，因為健康照護的花費增加，勞動力減少，以及瘧疾對觀光旅遊業造成的影響[7]。