英文引言：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Medicine/Translation_task_force/RTT/Simple_Prostate_cancer
中文條目：https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E5%88%97%E8%85%BA%E7%99%8C
(原中文內容)
前列腺癌是出自前列腺的惡性腫瘤。若其中有細胞的基因突變導致增殖失控，就成為癌症。惡性細胞除了體積擴大或侵犯鄰近器官，也可能轉移到身體其他部位，尤其是骨頭和淋巴結。前列腺癌可能造成疼痛、排尿困難、勃起功能不全等症狀。
前列腺癌發病遍布世界各地。發病率各地不同。美國的發病率是世界最高，歐洲次之（歐洲各地發病率也不同），東亞與南亞最低。從人種來看，黑人前列腺癌發病率最高，白種人其次，黃種人前列腺癌發病率最低。生活在本土的黃種人比移居北美地區者發病率低。[1] 但美國的數字較高也許是因為美國地區的偵測率提高了[2] 。
一般認為只有男性會罹患前列腺癌，最常發生於50歲以上的人。在西方國家，前列腺癌是男性第二常見的癌症，因而喪生的人數僅次於肺癌。然而許多前列腺癌的患者終其一生沒有症狀，從未治療，死因也不是前列腺癌。許多因素，包括基因和飲食，據信和前列腺癌有關，但截至2006年為止，尚無法預防此一疾病。但是在2011年發現女性也可能有前列腺，同樣有病變的可能[1]。
前列腺癌大多是在例行的健康檢查或抽血篩檢發現的。有關前列腺特異抗原（即PSA）的準確性和效果目前仍有一些疑慮，不過它仍是現今最廣泛廣用的前列腺癌篩選工具。發現疑似前列腺癌的個案時，應做切片檢查（取一小片前列腺組織，處理後用顯微鏡檢查）才能確立診斷。其他進一步檢查如X光、電腦斷層掃描和骨骼掃瞄等，有助於了解前列腺癌是有否有外擴散。
前列腺癌的治療方法包括手術、放射治療、荷爾蒙治療，有時也做化學治療，這幾種療法可以合併運用。患者本身的年齡和健康狀況、癌細胞的擴散程度、顯微鏡所見的細胞形態，和初期治療的效果都關係到患者的預後。由於前列腺癌主要發生於老年男性，而前列腺癌的進展速度在癌症裡算是慢的，所以許多患者在癌細胞造成症狀之前就已經死於其他原因。對適當的治療方案的選擇（包括選擇是否打算治癒），即為病患對於治療方案的正面與負面效果之間的取捨。
Prostate cancer, also known as carcinoma of the prostate, is the development of cancer in the prostate, a gland in the male reproductive system.[1] Most prostate cancers are slow growing; however, some grow relatively fast.[2][3] The cancer cells may spread from the prostate to other parts of the body, particularly the bones and lymph nodes.[4] It may initially cause no symptoms.[3] In later stages it can cause difficulty urinating, blood in the urine, or pain in the pelvis, back or when urinating.[5] A disease known as benign prostatic hyperplasia may produce similar symptoms. Other late symptoms may include feeling tired due to low levels of red blood cells.[3]
’’’前列腺癌’’’（Prostate cancer）是出自[[前列腺]]的[[惡性腫瘤]][1]。大多數前列腺癌生長速度較為緩慢，但仍有些生長相對快速[2][3]。癌細胞可轉移到骨頭和淋巴結等部位[4]。前列腺癌早期可能沒有症狀[3]，晚期可導致泌尿困難、尿血、背痛、{{le|骨盆疼痛|Pelvic pain}}等症狀[5]。[[前列腺肥大]]也會導致類似的症狀。晚期症狀還包括因[[貧血|紅細胞數量低]]導致的疲倦[3]。
Factors that increase the risk of prostate cancer include: older age, a family history of the disease, and race. About 99% of cases occur in those over the age of 50. Having a first degree relative with the disease increases the risk 2 to 3 fold. In the United States it is more common in the African American population than the Caucasian population. Other factors that may be involved include a diet high in processed, red meat, or milk products or low in certain vegetables.[2]Prostate cancer is diagnosed by biopsy. Medical imaging may then be done to determine if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.[5]
前列腺癌的風險因子包含高齡、家族病史、種族等。約99%的病例中患者年齡超過50歲。父、母、手足等親屬患有本病時，發病風險較常人高出2至3倍。美國疾病控制中心統計顯示美國[[非裔美國人|非裔]]前列腺癌發病率最高，[[白種人|歐裔]]其次，[[黃種人|亞裔族群]]前列腺癌發病率最低[+1]。其他風險因子包含飲食中包含大量乳肉制品（[[紅肉]]、加工肉品、[[乳製品]]）或缺乏某些[[蔬菜]][2]。前列腺癌可由[[活體組織切片]]確診。[[醫學影像]]技術可檢測癌細胞是否擴散到身體其他部位[5]。
Prostate cancer screening is controversial.[2][3] Prostate-specific antigen testing increases cancer detection but does not decrease mortality.[6] The United States Preventive Services Task Force recommends against screening using the PSA testing, due to the risk of over-diagnosis and over-treatment as most cancer diagnosed would remain asymptomatic. The USPSTF concludes that the potential benefits of testing do not outweigh the expected harms.[7]While 5α-reductase inhibitors appear to decrease low grade cancer risk they do not affect high grade cancer risk and thus are not recommended for prevention.[2] Supplementation with vitamins or minerals do not appear to affect the risk.[2][8]
{{link-en|前列腺癌篩查|Prostate cancer screening}}效果尚不明確。[2][3][[前列腺特异抗原|前列腺特異抗原]]（PSA）檢測可增加癌症檢測率但不會降低死亡率。[6]由於大多數確診的前列腺癌沒有症狀，{{link-en|美國預防醫學工作組|United States Preventive Services Task Force}}（USPSTF）為防止過度診斷和過度治療而不建議使用PSA檢測。USPSTF認為檢測的益處並不超過可能存在的弊端。[7]{{link-en|5α還原酶抑制劑|5-alpha-reductase inhibitor}}可能降低較低級的前列腺癌風險，但並不影響高風險前列腺癌，因此不建議用於預防前列腺癌。[2]帶有礦物質或維生素的補充劑對前列腺癌風險沒有作用。[2][8]
Many cases can be safely followed with active surveillance or watchful waiting. Other treatments may include a combination of surgery, radiation therapy, hormone therapy or chemotherapy.[5] When it only occurs inside the prostate it may be curable.[3] In those in whom the disease has spread to the bones, pain medications, bisphosphonates and targeted therapy, among others may be useful. Outcomes depend on a person’s age and other health problems as well as how aggressive and extensive the cancer is. Most people with prostate cancer do not end up dying from the disease.[5] The five year survival rate in the United States is 99%.[9] Globally it is the second most common type of cancer and the fifth leading cause of cancer-related death in men.[10] In 2012 it occurred in 1.1 million men and caused 307,000 deaths.[10] It was the most common cancer in males in 84 countries,[2] occurring more commonly in the developed world. Rates have been increasing in the developing world.[11] Detection increased significantly in the 1980s and 1990s in many areas due to increased PSA testing.[2] Studies of males who died from unrelated causes have found prostate cancer in 30% to 70% of those over age 60.[3]
大多數前列腺癌病例可安全通過[[主動監測]]或[[觀察等待]]追查。其他治療方法包括手術、[[放射治療]]、[[荷爾蒙治療]]、[[化學治療]]，這幾種療法可以合併運用[5]，當癌細胞僅存在於前列腺內部時本病有治癒可能[3]。對於癌細胞已擴散至骨骼的患者，可使用[[鎮痛藥]]、[[雙膦酸鹽類藥物]]以及靶向治療。前列腺癌的治療效果取決於患者的年齡、健康狀況，以及癌症的侵略性與癌細胞的擴散情況。大多數前列腺癌患者並不會最終因前列腺癌而去世[5]。在美國，前列腺癌患者的[[五年存活率]]約為99％[9]。在全世界，前列腺癌是第二常見的癌症，也是男性與癌症相關的第五大死因[10]。在2012年，約有一百一十萬男性患前列腺癌，又有三十萬七千人因前列腺癌去世[10]。前列腺癌在84個國家是男性最常見的癌症[2]，且更常發於[[已開發國家]][11]，但[[開發中國家]]的患病率正在上升[11]。因PSA檢測的推廣，1980年代和1990年代前列腺癌的發現率顯著提升[2]。研究顯示並非死於前列腺癌的六十歲以上男性，約30％至70％已有前列腺癌變[3]。