Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a class of diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels.[1] Common CVDs include: ischemic heart disease (IHD), stroke, hypertensive heart disease, rheumatic heart disease (RHD), aortic aneurysms, cardiomyopathy, atrial fibrillation, congenital heart disease, endocarditis, and peripheral artery disease (PAD), among others.[1][2]
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’’’心血管疾病’’’（{{lang-en|’’’cardiovascular disease，簡稱CVD}}）指的是關於心臟或血管的疾病[1]，常見的心血管疾病包括[[冠心病|冠狀動脈症候群]]、[[中風]]、{{link-en|hypertensive heart disease|高血壓性心臟病}}、[[風濕熱|風濕性心臟病]]、{{link-en|aortic aneurysm|動脈瘤}}、{{link-en|cardiomyopathy|心肌病變}}、[[心房顫動]]、{{link-en|congenital heart defect|先天性心臟病}}、{{link-en|endocarditis|心內膜炎}}、以及{{link-en|peripheral artery disease|周邊動脈阻塞性疾病}}等等[1][2]。
The underlying mechanisms varies depending on the disease in question. IHD, stroke, and PAD involve atherosclerosis. This may be caused by high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, lack of exercise, obesity, high blood cholesterol, poor diet, and excessive alcohol, among others. High blood pressure results in 13% of CVD deaths, while tobacco results in 9%, diabetes 6%, lack of exercise 6% and obesity 5%. Others such as RHD may follow untreated streptococcal infections of the throat.[1]
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不同疾病的致病機轉都不同。缺血性心臟病、中風及週邊動脈阻塞都和[[粥狀動脈硬化]]有關。它可能是由[[高血壓]]、[[抽煙]]、[[糖尿病]]、缺乏運動、[[肥胖]]、[[高血脂]]、飲食習慣不良以及過量飲[[酒]]等因素造成。心血管疾病所造成的死亡當中，由高血壓造成的佔13%，抽煙造成的佔9%，糖尿病造成的佔6%，缺乏運動佔6％，肥胖佔5%。其他可能的因素還有[[風濕性心臟病]]，這是由[[鏈球菌]]感染喉嚨後缺乏適當治療所導致[1]。
It is estimated that 90% of CVD is preventable.[3] Prevention of atherosclerosis is by decreasing risk factors through: healthy eating, exercise, avoidance of tobacco smoke and limiting alcohol intake.[1] Treating high blood pressure and diabetes is also beneficial.[1]Treating people who have strep throat with antibiotics can decrease the risk of RHD.[4] The effect of the use of aspirin in people who are otherwise healthy is of unclear benefit.[5][6] The USPSTF recommends against its use for prevention in women less than 55 and men less than 45 years old; however, in those who are older it is recommends in some individuals.[7] Treatment of those who have CVD improves outcomes.[1]
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估計有九成的心血管疾病是可以預防的[3]。我們可以藉著減少風險因子來預防動脈硬化，比方說{{link-en|人類營養|Human nutrition|健康飲食}}、規律運動、戒煙與控制飲酒量[1]。控制血壓與糖尿病也對心血管健康有幫助[1]。用[[抗細菌藥|抗生素]]治療鏈球菌咽喉炎能減少發生風濕性心臟病的機會[4]。健康的人服用[[阿斯匹靈]]對心血管健康的影響尚未有定論[5][6]。{{link-en|美國預防服務工作小組|United States Preventive Services Task Force}}不建議55歲以下的女性與45歲以下的男性為預防心血管疾病服用阿斯匹靈，年紀高於此標準的人則視個人狀況而定可能適合使用阿斯匹靈[7]。對已患有心血管的疾病的人而言，接受治療也能改善預後[1]。
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death globally.[1] This is true in all areas of the world except Africa.[1] Together they resulted in 17.3 million deaths (31.5%) in 2013 up from 12.3 million (25.8%) in 1990.[2] Deaths, at a given age, from CVD are more common and have been increasing in much of the developing world, while rates have declined in most of the developed world since the 1970s.[8][9] IHD and stroke account for 80% of CVD deaths in males and 75% of CVD deaths in females.[1] Most cardiovascular disease affects older adults. In the United States 11% of people between 20 and 40 have CVD, while 37% between 40 and 60, 71% of people between 60 and 80, and 85% of people over 80 have CVD.[10] The average age of death from IHD in the developed world is around 80 while it is around 68 in the developing world.[8] Disease onset is typically seven to ten years earlier in men as compared to women.[11]
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心血管疾病是全球最常見的死因之一[1]，除了非洲之外心血管疾病在死因排行中都名列前茅[1]。2013年心血管疾病共奪走了1,730萬條生命（總死亡數的31.%），比起1990年的1,230萬（總死亡數的25.8%）提升了不少[2]。1970年代起，在[[發展中國家]]裡不管哪個年齡層因心血管疾病的死亡率都在上升，相對而言在多數[[已開發國家]]中心血管疾病造成的死亡則在下降[8][9]。[[冠心病|冠狀動脈症候群]]與[[中風]]造成的死亡在男性中佔總心血管疾病死亡數的80%，在女性也佔了75%[1]。大多數的心血管疾病好發於年紀較大大人。在美國，20到40歲的人有11%患有心血管疾病；40到60歲則有37%；60到80歲有71%；80歲以上的人患有心血管疾病的比率則高達85%[10]。在[[已開發國家]]中，因心血管疾病死亡的平均年齡是80歲，但在[[發展中國家]]則僅為68歲[8]。男性心血管疾病發作的年齡比女性平均要早7到10年[11]。