奎寧

英文引言：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Medicine/Translation_task_force/RTT/Simple_Quinine

中文條目：https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hant/%E5%A5%8E%E5%AF%A7

（原中文內容，歡迎參酌使用）

奎寧（Quinine），俗稱金雞納霜，茜草科植物金雞納樹及其同屬植物的樹皮中的主要生物鹼。化學稱為金雞納鹼，分子式C₂₀H₂₄N₂O₂。1820年P.-J.佩爾蒂埃和J.-B.卡芳杜首先製得純品。

Quinine is a medication used to prevent and treat malaria and to treat babesiosis.^[2] This includes to treat malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum that is resistant to chloroquine when artesunate is not available.^[2][3] While used for restless legs syndrome it is not recommended for this purpose. It can be taken by mouth or used intravenously. Malaria that is resistant to quinine occur in certain areas of the world.^[2]

’’’奎寧’’’（{{lang|en|Quinine}}），又稱’’’金雞納霜’’’，是一種用於治療與預防[[瘧疾]]且可治療[[焦蟲症]]的藥物[2]。在治療{{le|惡性瘧原蟲|Plasmodium falciparum}}時，如果病原體對於{{le|氯喹|chloroquine}}和[[青蒿素]]皆產生抗藥性時，即會使用奎寧治療[2][3]，不過不建議用來治療[[睡眠腳動症]]。可以用口服或是[[靜脈注射]]來給藥。世界上有些地區已出現對奎寧有[[抗藥性]]的瘧疾[2]。

Common side effects include headache, ringing in the ears, trouble seeing, and sweating. More severe side effects include deafness, low blood platelets, and an irregular heartbeat. Use can make one more prone to sunburn. While it is unclear if use during pregnancy causes harm to the baby, use to treat malaria during pregnancy is still recommended. How it works is not entirely clear.^[2]

常見的副作用包括有頭痛、[[耳鳴]]、視覺障礙以及[[盜汗]]。更嚴重的可能會有[[失聰]]、[[血小板過低]]還有[[心律不整]]。奎寧或許會讓使用者更容易有[[晒傷]]的情形。目前對於懷孕中的婦女使用奎寧，對胎兒是否會造成有害的影響還不確定，但十分推薦用於治療患瘧疾的孕婦。然而，其作用機轉尚未完全明朗[2]。

Quinine was first isolated in 1820 from the bark of the cinchona tree.^[4][2] Extracts from the bark has been used to treat malaria since at least 1632.^[5] It is on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, the most important medications needed in a basic health system.^[6] The wholesale price is about 1.70 to 3.40 USD per course of treatment.^[7] In the United States a course of treatment is about 250 USD.^[2]

1632年以前，人們就已經知道樹皮的萃取物可以治療瘧疾[5] 。1820年時，{{le|P·J·佩爾蒂埃|Pierre Joseph Pelletier}}和{{le|J·B·卡芳杜|Joseph Bienaimé Caventou}}首次從[[金雞納樹]]的樹皮中萃取出奎寧[4][2] 。奎寧作為[[世界衛生組織基本藥物標準清單]]上的藥物，也是[[基礎醫療]]中極重要的藥品[6] 。每一次的治療，它的量販價格大約介於1.7美元到3.4美元中間[7]。在美國，單次療程的花費大約是250美元[2]。

•  "Qualaquin (quinine) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more". Medscape Reference. WebMD. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
• ^ 移至：^{a b c d e f} "Quinine Sulfate". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Retrieved Jan 2016.
• 移至^ Esu, E; Effa, EE; Opie, ON; Uwaoma, A; Meremikwu, MM (11 September 2014). "Artemether for severe malaria.". The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 9: CD010678. PMID 25209020.
• 移至^ Cechinel-Filho, edited by Valdir (2012). Plant bioactives and drug discovery : principles, practice, and perspectives. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons. p. 2. ISBN 9780470582268.
• 移至^ editors, Henry M. Staines, Sanjeev Krishna, (2011). Treatment and Prevention of Malaria : Antimalarial Drug Chemistry, Action and Use. [S.l.]: Springer Verlag. p. 45. ISBN 9783034604796.
• 移至^ "WHO Model List of Essential Medicines" (PDF). World Health Organization. October 2013. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
• 移至^ "Quinine Sulfate". International Drug Price Indicator Guide. Retrieved 12 January 2016.

2016/3/7 已整合到中文維基頁面中