Esophageal cancer (or oesophageal cancer) iscancer of the esophagus.[1] Symptom often includetrouble swallowing and weight loss.[2] Other symptoms may include pain with swallowing, a hoarse voice, enlarged lymph nodes around the clavicle, a dry cough, and possibly coughing up blood or vomiting blood.[2]
’’’食道癌’’’指的是發生在[[食道]]的[[癌症]]。常見的症狀包括吞嚥困難與體重減輕，其他症狀還有{{link-en|吞嚥疼痛|Dysphagia}}、{{link-en|沙啞|Hoarseness}}、{{link-en|鎖骨|Clavicle}}週邊[[淋巴結]]腫大、乾咳、以及[[咳血]]或[[嘔血|吐血]]。
There are two main subtypes of esophageal cancer,squamous cell cancer which is more common in thedeveloping world and adenocarcinoma which is more common in the developed world.[1] There are also a number of less common types.[1] The most common causes of the squamous variety is: smoking tobacco, drinking alcohol, drinking hot drinks, and a poor diet.[3]The most common cause of the adenocarcinoma variety is smoking tobacco, obesity andgastroesophageal reflux disease.[3] Often the changes of Barrett esophagus is present before adenocarcinoma begins.[1] Squamous cell cancer arises from the skin cells that line the esophagus.[4]Adenocarcinoma arises from glandular cells present in the lower third of the esophagus.[1][5]
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有兩大類食道癌較為常見：[[鱗狀細胞癌]]主要盛行於[[開發中國家]]；而[[腺癌]]則在[[已開發國家]]較為常見，其他的類型則比較少有。鱗狀細胞癌主要因為[[吸菸]]、飲[[酒]]、熱飲、以及飲食品質不佳引起；腺癌則主要由吸菸、[[肥胖症|肥胖]]、和[[胃食管反流病|胃食道逆流]]所引起。在腺癌發生前，經常可以先看到[[巴雷斯特食道症]]。鱗狀細胞癌主要來自食道內沿的皮膚細胞，而腺癌則來自食道下三分之一段上皮組織中的腺體細胞。
The disease is diagnosed by biopsy done via an endoscope (a fiberoptic camera).[6] Prevention includes stopping smoking and a healthy diet.[1][2] Treatment is based on the cancer’s stage, its location, the person’s health and their preferences.[6] Small localized squamous cancers may be treated with surgery alone with the hope of a cure.[6] In most other cases chemotherapy with or without radiation therapy is used along with surgery.[6] Larger tumors may have their growth slowed with chemotherapy and radiation therapy.[1] In those with extensive disease and in many of those who are not healthy enough for surgery palliative care or supportive care is recommended.[6] Outcomes depends on the extent of the disease and other medical problems, but is generally fairly poor as diagnosis is often late.[7][1] Five year survival rates are around 13%.[2]
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食道癌的診斷需使用[[內視鏡]]（一種使用[[光導纖維|光纖]]攝影機進行的檢驗)做[[活體組織切片|切片檢查]]）[6]。預防食道癌的方式則包括戒菸與[[均衡飲食|健康飲食]][1][2]。食道癌的治療依[[癌症#病程分期|分期]]、位置、病人整體身心狀況、以及日常生活功能而定[6]。小而未擴散的鱗狀上皮癌常可藉[[外科手術|手術]]{{link-en|治癒|Curative_care}}[6]，但大多數的狀況都需要在手術外搭配[[化學療法]]與[[放射線療法|放射療法]][6]，化學療法與放射療法可減緩體積較大的腫瘤生長速度[1]。已經[[遠端轉移|轉移]]的食道癌或是身體狀況不適合手術的患者則建議接受[[安寧緩和醫療|安寧醫護]][6]。治療的成效受疾病本身的狀況與病人的其他疾病影響，但由於食道癌大多在晚期才被診斷[1][7]，因此普遍[[預後]]不佳[8]（五年存活率平均為13%[2]）。
As of 2012 esophageal cancer is the eighth most common cancer globally with 456,000 new cases.[1] It caused about 400,000 deaths that year up from 345,000 in 1990.[8][1] Rates vary widely between countries with about half of all cases occurring in China.[1] It is around three time more common in men than women.[1]
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食道癌在2012年的全球癌症發生率中排行第八（45.6萬個新診斷患者）[1]，平均每年造成40萬人死亡（死亡數正在上升中：在1990年時只造成34.5萬人死亡）[9][1]，食道癌的發生率在各國間有巨大差異，全球有一半的病人都集中在[[中國]][1]，。食道癌好發於男性，相對於女性而言，男性的得病風險大約是三倍[1]。