醫週譯：Diabetes mellitus/糖尿病
編輯歷史
| 時間 | 作者 | 版本 |
|---|---|---|
| 2017-07-17 16:37 – 16:37 | r0 – r1 | |
顯示 diff+ 醫週譯：Diabetes mellitus/糖尿病
+ Diabetes mellitus (DM) also known as simply diabetes, is a group of metabolic diseases in which there are high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period.[2] This high blood sugar produces the symptoms of frequent urination, increased thirst, and increased hunger. Untreated, diabetes can cause many complications.[3] Acute complications include diabetic ketoacidosis and nonketotic hyperosmolar coma.[4] Serious long-term complications include heart disease, stroke, kidney failure, foot ulcers and damage to the eyes.[3]
+
+ '''糖尿病'''（[[英語]]：Diabetes mellitus ）是一類[[代謝症候群|代謝性疾病]]，它的特徵是血糖長時間高於標準值[2]。高血糖會造成三多的症狀：{{link-en|多食症|polyphagia|吃多}}、{{link-en|劇渴|polydipsia|喝多}}、[[多尿症|尿多]]。如果未經治療，糖尿病可能引發許多併發症[3]。急性併發症包括[[糖尿病酮症酸中毒|糖尿病酮酸血症]]與{{link-en|高滲透壓高血糖非酮酸性昏迷|Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state}}[4]；嚴重的長程併發症則包括[[心血管疾病]]、[[中風]]、[[慢性腎臟病]]、{{link-en|糖尿病足|Diabetic foot ulcer}}、以及[[糖尿病视网膜病变|視網膜病變]]等[3]。
+
+ *代謝症候群(metabolic syndrome)本身就包括糖尿病，但糖尿病本身又包括基於不同原因(胰島素分泌不足的一型與胰島素阻抗性的二型)，我想是因為這樣原文才說"…is a group of metablic diseases."，但也讓我猶豫要不要把代謝性疾病連結到代謝症候群的條目，連過去的話在文義上好像讓糖尿病變成比較大的分類了。
+ *求意見！
+ *Diabetic ketoacidosis我們比較常用糖尿病酮酸血症/酸中毒，所以暫時這樣翻，另外中文的這個條目內容超少。
+ *[2]<ref>{{cite web|title=About diabetes|url=http://www.who.int/diabetes/action_online/basics/en/|publisher=World Health Organization|accessdate=4 April 2014}}</ref>
+ *[3]<ref name=WHO2013>{{cite web|title=Diabetes Fact sheet N°312|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs312/en/|work=WHO|accessdate=25 March 2014|date=October 2013}}</ref>
+ *[4]<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kitabchi|first1=AE|last2=Umpierrez|first2=GE|last3=Miles|first3=JM|last4=Fisher|first4=JN|title=Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes.|journal=Diabetes care|date=Jul 2009|volume=32|issue=7|pages=1335-43|pmid=19564476}}</ref>
+
+ <!-- Cause -->
+ Diabetes is due to either the pancreas not producing enough insulin, or the cells of the body not responding properly to the insulin produced.[5] There are three main types of diabetes mellitus:
+ *Type 1 DM results from the body's failure to produce enough insulin. This form was previously referred to as "insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus" (IDDM) or "juvenile diabetes". The cause is unknown.[3]
+ *Type 2 DM begins with insulin resistance, a condition in which cells fail to respond to insulin properly.[3] As the disease progresses a lack of insulin may also develop.[6] This form was previously referred to as non insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or "adult-onset diabetes". The primary cause is excessive body weight and not enough exercise.[3]
+ *Gestational diabetes, is the third main form and occurs when pregnant women without a previous history of diabetes develop a high blood glucose level.[3]
+
+ <!-- 成因 -->
+ 糖尿病的成因有二：[[胰臟]]無法生產足夠的[[胰島素]]，或者是[[細胞]]對胰島素不敏感[5]。臨床上糖尿病則被分為三類：
+ *[[1型糖尿病|第一型糖尿病]]是由於身體無法生產足夠的胰島素，過去也被叫做胰島素依賴型糖尿病（{{en|insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, IDDM}}）或是青少年糖尿病，病因目前不明[3]。
+ *[[2型糖尿病|第二型糖尿病]]始於[[胰島素抵抗]]（細胞對於胰島素的反應不正常）[3]，隨著病情進展胰島素的分泌亦可能漸漸變得不足[6]。這個類型過去被稱為非胰島素依賴型糖尿病（{{en|non insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, NIDDM}}）或成人型糖尿病，病因是體重過重或缺乏運動[3]。
+ *[[妊娠糖尿病]]也是常見的糖尿病種類，它指的是過去沒有糖尿病史，但在懷孕期間血糖高於正常值的孕婦身上[3]。
+ *[5]<ref name=Green2011>{{cite book|last=Shoback|first=edited by David G. Gardner, Dolores|title=Greenspan's basic & clinical endocrinology|year=2011|publisher=McGraw-Hill Medical|location=New York|isbn=0-07-162243-8|pages=Chapter 17|edition=9th}}</ref>
+ *[6]<ref>{{cite book|title=RSSDI textbook of diabetes mellitus.|date=2012|publisher=Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=9789350254899|page=235|edition=Rev. 2nd ed.|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=7H6mYolrtUMC&pg=PA235}}</ref>
+
+ <!-- Prevention and Treatment -->
+ Prevention and treatment involves a healthy diet, physical exercise, not using tobacco, and being a normal body weight. Blood pressure control and proper foot care are also important for people with the disease. Type 1 diabetes must be managed with insulin injections.[3] Type 2 diabetes may be treated with medications with or without insulin.[7] Insulin and some oral medications can cause low blood sugar.[8] Weight loss surgery in those with obesity is an effective measure in those with type 2 DM.[9] Gestational diabetes usually resolves after the birth of the baby.[10]
+
+ <!-- 預防與治療 -->
+ 糖尿病的預防與治療方式包括維持[[均衡飲食]]、規律[[體能鍛煉|運動]]、戒[[香菸|菸]]、維持理想[[身高體重指數|體重]]。對於於糖尿病患者來說，[[血壓]]控制與足部護理也相當重要。第一型糖尿病必須注射[[胰島素]]控制血糖[3]；而第二型糖尿病則可以使用口服藥控制，若有需要也可以搭配胰島素注射[7]。糖尿病用的部分口服藥與胰島素都可能造成{{link-en|低血糖|hypoglycemia}}[8]。對同時患有[[肥胖症]]的第二型糖尿病患者而言，[[減肥手術]]是有效的治療[9]。對於[[妊娠糖尿病]]的患者來說，血糖通常會在生產後恢復正常[10]。
+ *[7]<ref name=WHO2013Top10>{{cite web|title=The top 10 causes of death Fact sheet N°310|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/|work=World Health Organization|date=Oct 2013}}</ref>
+ *[8]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rippe|first1=edited by Richard S. Irwin, James M.|title=Manual of intensive care medicine|date=2010|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=9780781799928|page=549|edition=5th ed.|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=FbxupW1EHIcC&pg=PA549}}</ref>
+ *[9]<ref>{{cite journal |last=Picot |first=J|author2=Jones, J|author3=Colquitt, JL|author4=Gospodarevskaya, E|author5=Loveman, E|author6=Baxter, L|author7=Clegg, AJ|title=The clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of bariatric (weight loss) surgery for obesity: a systematic review and economic evaluation |journal=Health technology assessment (Winchester, England)|date=September 2009|volume=13 |issue=41 |pages=1–190, 215–357, iii–iv|pmid=19726018 |doi=10.3310/hta13410}}</ref>
+ *[10]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cash|first1=Jill|title=Family Practice Guidelines|date=2014|publisher=Springer Publishing Company|isbn=9780826168757|page=396|edition=3|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=nCjcAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA396}}</ref>
+
+ <!-- Epidemiology -->
+ Globally, as of 2013, an estimated 382 million people have diabetes worldwide, with type 2 diabetes making up about 90% of the cases.[11][12] This is equal to 8.3% of the adults population,[12] with equal rates in both women and men.[13] Worldwide in 2012 and 2013 diabetes resulted in 1.5 to 5.1 million deaths per year, making it the 8th leading cause of death.[14][7] Diabetes overall at least doubles the risk of death.[3] The number of people with diabetes is expected to rise to 592 million by 2035.[15] The economic costs of diabetes globally was estimated in 2013 at $548 billion[14] and in the United States in 2012 $245 billion.[16]
+
+ <!-- 流行病學 -->
+ 2013年全球共有三億八千二百萬名糖尿病患者，當中有90%是第二型糖尿病[11][12]。在成年人中患有糖尿病的比例已經來到8.3%[12]，性別比例則大致相等[13]，預期到2035年全世界患者將增加到五億九千二百萬名[15]。2012-2013年間，糖尿病每年造成一千五百萬至五千一百萬人死亡，在死因中排名第八[7][14]。罹患糖尿病一般而言會使死亡風險加倍[3]，2013年全球因糖尿病所造成的花費估計達五千四百八十億美元[14]，2012年單在美國就花費二千四百五十億美元[16]。另有研究發現，[[亞洲]]人（特别是[[東亞]]地區）更容易患糖尿病，與以[[米飯]]为主食具高度的正相關性。[17][18]
+ *[11]<ref name=Will2011>{{cite book|title=Williams textbook of endocrinology|publisher=Elsevier/Saunders|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-1-4377-0324-5|pages=1371–1435|edition=12th}}</ref>
+ *[12]ref name=Shi2014>{{cite journal|last1=Shi|first1=Yuankai|last2=Hu|first2=Frank B|title=The global implications of diabetes and cancer|journal=The Lancet|volume=383|issue=9933|pages=1947–1948|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60886-2}}</ref>
+ *[13]<ref name=Vos2012>{{cite journal | author = Vos T, Flaxman AD, Naghavi M, Lozano R, Michaud C, Ezzati M, Shibuya K, Salomon JA, Abdalla S, Aboyans V, et al. | title = Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. | journal = Lancet | volume = 380 | issue = 9859 | pages = 2163–96 | date = Dec 15, 2012 | pmid = 23245607 }}</ref>
+ *[14]<ref name=IDF2013>{{cite book|title=IDF DIABETES ATLAS|date=2013|publisher=International Diabetes Federation|isbn=2930229853|edition=6|page=7|url=http://www.idf.org/sites/default/files/EN_6E_Atlas_Full_0.pdf}}</ref>
+ *[15]<ref name=IDF>{{cite web|title=International Diabetes Federation: Diabetes Atlas|url=http://www.idf.org/diabetesatlas|accessdate=4 April 2014}}</ref>
+ *[16]<ref>{{cite journal|last1=American Diabetes|first1=Association|title=Economic costs of diabetes in the U.S. in 2012.|journal=Diabetes care|date=Apr 2013|volume=36|issue=4|pages=1033-46|pmid=23468086}}</ref>
+ *[17]<ref>{{cite journal | author = Emily A Hu, An Pan, Vasanti Malik, and Qi Sun | title = White rice consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: meta-analysis and systematic review | url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3307808/ | journal = British Medical Journal | volume = 344 | pages = e1454 | date = 2012-03-15 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.e1454.}}</ref>
+ *[18]<ref>{{cite journal | author = Frank M. Sacks, Vincent J. Carey, Cheryl A. M. Anderson, Edgar R. Miller III, Trisha Copeland, Jeanne Charleston, Benjamin J. Harshfield, Nancy Laranjo, Phyllis McCarron, Janis Swain, Karen White, Karen Yee, and Lawrence J. Appel | url = http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2040224 | title = Effects of High vs Low Glycemic Index of Dietary Carbohydrate on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors and Insulin Sensitivity | journal = the Journal of the American Medical Association | volume = 312(23) | pages = 2531-2541 | date = 2014-12-17 | doi = 10.1001/jama.2014.16658.}}</ref>
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+ 2014-01-05 已與中文維基百科「糖尿病」的引言頁面整合
+ 回到入口頁
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