醫週譯: Dementia/失智症
編輯歷史
| 時間 | 作者 | 版本 |
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| 2017-07-17 16:39 – 16:39 | r0 – r1 | |
顯示 diff+ 醫週譯: Dementia/失智症
+ Wikipedia:WikiProject_Medicine/Translation_task_force/RTT/Simple_dementia
+ 失智症（英語：Dementia、德語：Demenz），其英文Dementia一字來自拉丁語（de-意指「遠離」 + mens意指「心智」）；是一種因腦部傷害或疾病所導致的漸進性認知功能退化，且此退化的幅度遠高於正常老化的進展。
+ 特別會影響到記憶、注意力、語言、解題能力。嚴重時會無法分辨人事時地物。失智症可分為可逆或不可逆，視疾病成因而異。只有不到10%的失智症是可逆的。失智症是個不特定的概括名詞。也稱癡呆症。
+ * (以上需重寫請擷取可用部分參考)
+
+ <!-- Definition and symptoms -->
+ Dementia is a broad category of brain diseases that cause a long term and often gradual decrease in the ability to think and remember such that a person's daily functioning is affected.[1] Other common symptoms include emotional problems, problems with language, and a decrease in motivation.[1][2] A person's consciousness is not affected.[1] For the diagnosis to be present it must be a change from a person's usual mental functioning and a greater decline than one would expect due to aging.[1][3]These diseases also have a significant effect on a person's caregivers.[1]
+
+ <!-- 定義與症狀-->
+ 失智症是[[腦部疾病]]的其中一類，此症導致[[思考能力]]和記憶力長期而逐漸地退化，並使個人日常生活功能受到影響[1]。其他常見症狀包含情緒問題、[[語言]]問題、還有[[行動能力]]降低[1][2]，但個人[[意識]]卻不會受到影響[1]。診斷失智症有兩個要點，一是心智功能出現退化；二是退化的程度比一般老化的情形更嚴重[1][3]。這些疾病也常帶給照顧者相當大的影響[1]。
+ *整段畫底線文字好難翻，括號內文字 是自行加入幫助理解，請大家幫我順稿，謝謝
+ *經過臉書集思廣益，修成上面的新樣子「診斷失智症有兩個要點，一是心智功能出現退化；二是退化的程度比一般老化的情形更嚴重」
+
+ *Reference
+ *1. "Dementia Fact sheet N°362". who.int. April 2012. Retrieved 28 November 2014.
+ *<ref name=WHO2014>{{cite web|title=Dementia Fact sheet N°362|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs362/en/|website=who.int|accessdate=28 November 2014|date=April 2012}}</ref>
+ *2. Burns, A; Iliffe, S (5 February 2009). "Dementia.". BMJ (Clinical research ed.) 338: b75. PMID 19196746.
+ *<ref name=WHO2014/><ref name=BMJ2009>{{cite journal|last1=Burns|first1=A|last2=Iliffe|first2=S|title=Dementia.|journal=BMJ (Clinical research ed.)|date=5 February 2009|volume=338|pages=b75|pmid=19196746}}</ref>
+ *3. Solomon, Andrew E. Budson, Paul R. (2011). Memory loss : a practical guide for clinicians. [Edinburgh?]: Elsevier Saunders.ISBN 9781416035978.
+ *<ref name="Memory Loss">{{cite book|last=Solomon|first=Andrew E. Budson, Paul R.|title=Memory loss : a practical guide for clinicians|year=2011|publisher=Elsevier Saunders|location=[Edinburgh?]|isbn=9781416035978}}</ref>
+
+ <!-- Cause, diagnosis, prevention -->
+ The most common type of dementia is Alzheimer's disease which makes up 50% to 70% of cases. Other common types include vascular dementia (25%), Lewy body dementia (15%), and frontotemporal dementia.[1][2] Less common causes include normal pressure hydrocephalus, Parkinson disease, syphilis, and Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease among others.[4] More than one type of dementia may exist in the same person.[1] A small proportion of cases run in families.[5] In the DSM-5, dementia was reclassified as a neurocognitive disorder, with various degrees of severity.[6] Diagnosis is usually based on history of the illness and cognitive testing with medical imaging and blood work used to rule out other possible causes.[7]The mini mental state examination is one commonly used cognitive test.[2] Efforts to prevent dementia include trying to decrease risk factors such as high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes and obesity.[1]Screening the general population for the disease is not recommended.[8]
+
+ <!-- 成因、診斷、與預防 -->
+ 最常見的失智症類型是[[阿茲海默症]]，阿茲海默症患者佔所有失智症患者人數的50%到70%，其他常見的種類還包括[[血管性痴呆|血管型失智症]]（佔25%）、[[路易氏體型失智症]]（佔15%）、以及{{link-en|額顳葉型失智症|frontotemporal dementia}}。 [1][2]相對少見的失智成因則有{{link-en|常壓型水腦症|normal pressure hydrocephalus}}、[[帕金森氏症]]、[[梅毒]]、以及[[克雅二氏病|庫賈氏症]]等。[4]同一個人可以同時得到超過一種失智症。[1] 有少部分的失智症起因於家族遺傳。[5] 在{{link-en|精神疾病診斷與統計手冊第五版|DSM-5}}中失智症被視為一種{{link-en|認知障礙|DSM-5#neurocognitive_disorders}}，並再依其嚴重程度分類。[6]失智症的診斷通常根據患者的病史，以及經過一系列{{link-en|心理衡鑑|cognitive testing}}與[[醫學影像]]檢查，並搭配抽血檢查，來找出可能的病因。[7] [[簡短智能測驗]]j是其中一種常用於初步評估的工具。[2] 預防失智症的方式，主要是減少常見的風險因子，比如說[[高血壓]]、[[吸菸]]、[[糖尿病]]、以及[[肥胖症]]等。[1] 目前並不建議全面進行一般民眾的失智症篩檢。[8]
+
+ *Creutzfeldt-Jackob Disease的條目連結顯示我用醫院裡的慣用詞，請求大家投票一下要用哪個XD(條目名or庫賈氏症or…狂牛病？)
+ *中文維基沒有DSM-5也沒有認知障礙條目
+ *在簡智智能測驗後面加上「初步」，還有幾個常見的量表，比方說臨床失智評估量表之類的會更詳細
+ *http://www.tsim.org.tw/journal/jour25-3/04.PDF
+ *庫賈氏症一票！
+
+ *Reference
+ *4. Gauthier, Serge (2006). Clinical diagnosis and management of Alzheimer's disease(3rd ed. ed.). Abingdon, Oxon: Informa Healthcare. pp. 53–54.ISBN 9780203931714.
+ *4.Gauthier, Serge (2006). Clinical diagnosis and management of Alzheimer's disease (3rd ed. ed.). Abingdon, Oxon: Informa Healthcare. pp. 53–54. ISBN 9780203931714.
+ *5. Loy, CT; Schofield, PR; Turner, AM; Kwok, JB (1 March 2014). "Genetics of dementia.". Lancet 383 (9919): 828–40. PMID 23927914.
+ *6. Association, American Psychiatric (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5. (5th ed. ed.). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association. p. 591-603. ISBN 9780890425541.
+ *8. "Dementia diagnosis and assessment". pathways.nice.org.uk. Retrieved 30 November 2014.
+ *
+ <!-- Management -->
+ There is no cure for dementia.[1] Cholinesterase inhibitors such as donepezil are often used and may be beneficial in mild to moderate disease.[9][10][11] Overall benefit, however, may be minor.[11][12] For people with dementia and those who care for them many measures can improve their lives.[1] Cognitive and behavioral interventions may be appropriate.[1]Educating and providing emotional support to the caregiver is important.[1] Exercise programs are beneficial with respect to activities of daily living and potentially improve outcomes.[13] Treatment of behavioral problems or psychosis due to dementia with antipsychotics is common but not usually recommended due to there often being little benefit and an increased risks of death.[14][15]
+ <!-- 處置 -->
+ 失智症目前無法治癒[1]。{{link-en|多奈派齊|donepezil}}等{{link-en|乙醯膽鹼酯酶抑制劑|cholinesterase inhibitors}}類藥物經常用於治療輕至中度失智症[9][10][11]，但這些治療的幫助終歸有限[11][12]。對於失智症患者與照護者而言，有些方法可以改善他們的生活品質[1]，例如[[認知行為療法]]可能有所助益[1]；另外，對於[[監護工|照護者]]的衛教與情感支持亦相當重要[1]。運動對於病患的[[日常生活活動]]功能有幫助，並可能改善[[預後]][13]。失智症引起的行為問題或[[思覺失調]]症狀經常以[[抗精神病藥]]治療，但一般而言不建議這麼做，因為這樣的治療幫助有限，並可能增加病人的死亡風險[14][15]。
+
+
+ *Reference
+ *9. Commission de la transparence (June 2012). "Médicaments de la maladie d'Alzheimer : à éviter" [Drugs for Alzheimer's disease: best avoided. No therapeutic advantage]. Prescrire Int 21 (128): 150. PMID 22822592.
+ *10. Forbes, D.; Thiessen, E.J.; Blake, C.M.; Forbes, S.C.; Forbes, S. (4 December 2013). "Exercise programs for people with dementia.". The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 12: CD006489. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006489.pub3. PMID 24302466.
+ *11. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. "Low-dose antipsychotics in people with dementia". nice.org.uk. Retrieved29 November 2014.
+ *12. "Information for Healthcare Professionals: Conventional Antipsychotics". fda.gov. 16 June 2008. Retrieved 29 November 2014.
+
+ <!-- Epidemiology, prognosis, and society -->
+ Globally dementia affects 36 million people.[1] About 10% of people develop the disease at some point in their lives.[5] It becomes more common with age.[16]About 3% of people between the ages of 65–74 have dementia, 19% between 75 and 84 and nearly half of those over 85 years of age.[17] In 2010 dementia resulted in about 486,000 deaths.[18] As more people are living longer, dementia is becoming more common in the population as a whole.[16] For people of a specific age; however, it may be becoming less frequent, at least in the developed world, due to a decrease in risk factors.[16] It is one of the most common causes of disability among the old.[2] It is believed to result in economic costs of 604 billion USD a year.[1] People with dementia are often physically or chemically restrained to a greater degree than necessary, raising issues of human rights.[1]Social stigma against those affected is common.[2]
+ <!-- 流行病學、預後、與社會影響 -->
+ 失智症影響全球三千六百萬人口。[1]大約10%的人口，會在有生之年中發病。[5]失智症與年齡（老化）息息相關，[16]約3%的人口在65到74歲之間得到失智症，另外19%的人口則在75到84歲之間，而將近一半的人口超過85歲得到失智症。[17]失智症於2010年造成約48萬6千人死亡。[18]隨著老年人口逐漸增加，失智症也變得越來越常見，[16] 但如果考慮特定年齡層的失智症盛行率，盛行率的數字卻可能隨著時間下降。這樣的現象至少可以在已開發國家見到，原因是在這些國家中風險因子的控制較良好。[16]失智症是世界上最常見的老人[[身心障礙|失能]]原因，[2]在美國每年會造成六千零四十億美元的經濟損失。[1]失智症患者通常會因為照護需要或是{{link-en|用藥|chemical restraint}}而被限制人身自由，這也引起了違反[[人權]]的疑慮。[1]患者也經常苦於疾病的{{link-en|汙名化}social stigma}}。[2]
+
+ *Reference
+ *13. Larson, EB; Yaffe, K; Langa, KM (12 December 2013). "New insights into the dementia epidemic.". The New England journal of medicine 369 (24): 2275–7. PMID 24283198.
+ *14. Umphred, Darcy (2012). Neurological rehabilitation (6th ed. ed.). St. Louis, Mo.: Elsevier Mosby. p. 838. ISBN 9780323075862.
+
+ 2015-01-28 已整合中文維基百科「失智症」的引言頁面
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