自殺/Suicide
編輯歷史
| 時間 | 作者 | 版本 |
|---|---|---|
| 2017-07-17 16:46 – 16:46 | r0 – r1 | |
顯示 diff+ 自殺/Suicide
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+ 英文引言：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Medicine/Translation_task_force/RTT/Simple_Suicide
+ 中文版條目：https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA
+
+ 中文版引言如下
+
+ 自殺是指「結束自我生命的行動」[中1]。試圖自殺或非致命的自殺行為一般視為自殘，有自殺的意圖，但後來沒有死亡[中3]。協助自殺是指一個人藉由提供建議或是其他方式，協助有死亡意願者達成目的，但沒有直接參與導致死亡的過程[中4]，這和安樂死不同，在安樂死中他人有直接參與導致死亡的過程[中4]。自殺意念是指有自殺的意圖[中3]。
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+ *中1. ^ Stedman's medical dictionary 28th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2006. ISBN 978-0-7817-3390-8.
+ *中3 ^ 3.0 3.1 Krug, Etienne. World Report on Violence and Health (Vol. 1). Genève: World Health Organization. 2002: 185. ISBN 978-92-4-154561-7.
+ *中3 ^ 4.0 4.1 Gullota, edited by Thomas P.; Bloom, Martin. The encyclopedia of primary prevention and health promotion. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum. 2002: 1112. ISBN 978-0-306-47296-1.
+
+ <!--Definition and risk factors -->
+
+ Suicide is the act of intentionally causing one's own death.[1] Risk factors include mental illness such as depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, personality disorders, alcoholism, or drug abuse.[2][3] Others are impulsive acts due to stress such as from financial difficulties, troubles with relationships, or bullying.[4][3] Those who have previously attempted suicide are at high risk of future attempts.[3] Suicide prevention efforts include limiting access to method of suicide such as firearms and poisons, treating mental illness and drug misuse, proper media reporting of suicide, and improving economic conditions.[3] Although crisis hotlines are common, there is little evidence for their effectiveness.[5]
+
+ <!--定義及風險因素--->
+ '''自殺'''是指當事者蓄意使自己[[死亡]]的行為[1]。試圖自殺或非致命的自殺行為一般視為[[自殘]]，有自殺的意圖，但後來沒有死亡[中3]。[[協助自殺]]是指一個人藉由提供建議或是其他方式，協助有死亡意願者達成目的，但沒有直接參與導致死亡的過程[中4]，這和[[安樂死]]不同，在安樂死中他人有直接參與導致死亡的過程[中4]。[[自殺意念]]是指有自殺的意圖[中3]。
+
+ 自殺的風險因素包括[[憂鬱症]]、[[躁鬱症]]、[[思覺失調症]]、[[人格障礙]]或是[[物質濫用]]在內的[[心理疾病]][2][3]。其他因素還有因為經濟問題、人際問題或是[[霸凌]]而有的壓力而產生的{{le|衝動|Impulsivity}}行為[4][3]。以往曾試圖自殺的人，再度自殺的可能性也較高[3]。{{le|自殺防制|Suicide prevention}}的方式包括管制可能用來自殺的物品（如[[槍枝]]及毒藥），提高取得的難度，治療心理疾病及物質濫用，改善媒體報導自殺的方式，及提升經濟條件等[3]。{{le|生命線|crisis hotlines}}之類的協談電話雖常見，但有關其成效的研究還不太充份[5]。
+
+ <!--Method and epidemiology -->
+ The most commonly used method of suicide varies between countries and is partly related to the availability of effective means.[6] Common methods include: hanging, pesticide poisoning, and firearms.[7] Suicide resulted in 842,000 deaths in 2013 up from 712,000 deaths in 1990.[8] This makes it the 10th leading cause of death worldwide.[2][9] Rates of completed suicides are generally higher in men than in women, with males three to four times more likely to kill themselves than females.[10] There are an estimated 10 to 20 million non-fatal attempted suicides every year.[11] Non-fatal suicide attempts may lead to injury and long-term disabilities. In the Western world, attempts are more common in young people and are four times more common in females than in males.[12]
+
+ <!--方式及流行病學-->
+ 常用的{{le|自殺方式|Suicide methods}}會隨著地區而不同，也會和自殺工具是否容易取得有些關係[6]。常用的方式包括[[上吊自杀|上吊]]、{{le|殺蟲劑中毒|Pesticide poisoning}}及[[枪械]][7]。自殺造成2013年842000人死亡，較1990的712000增加，使之成為全球第十大死因[2][9]。通常男性自殺完成的比率高於女性，而男性想要自殺的比率也是女性的四至五倍[10]。估計每年試圖自殺的人有一千萬至二千萬人[11]，試圖自殺可能會造成受傷甚至長期的失能。在西方國家中，年輕人較容易有試圖自殺的情形，女性發生比率是男性的五倍[2]。
+
+ <!--History, society and culture -->
+
+ Views on suicide have been influenced by broad existential themes such as religion, honor, and the meaning of life.[13][14] The Abrahamic religions traditionally consider suicide an offense towards God due to the belief in the sanctity of life.[15] During the samurai era in Japan, a form of suicide known as seppuku was respected as a means of making up for failure or as a form of protest.[16] Sati, a practice outlawed by the British Raj, expected the Indian widow to kill herself on her husband's funeral fire, either willingly or under pressure from the family and society.[17] Suicide and attempted suicide, while previously illegal, are no longer in most Western countries.[18] It remains a criminal offense in many countries.[19] In the 20th and 21st centuries, suicide has been used on rare occasions as a form of protest, and kamikaze and suicide bombings have been used as a military or terrorist tactic.[20] The word is from Latin suicidium, which means "to kill oneself".[21]
+
+ <!--歷史 , 社會及文化-->
+ 一直以來，人們對於自殺的看法受到宗教、{{le|榮譽感|honor}}和{{le|人生意義|meaning of life}}這類普遍{{le|存在|existential}}的議題所影響。[13] [14] {{le|亞伯拉罕宗教群組|Abrahamic religions}}認為生命是神聖的，所以自殺 [[原罪|有違上帝旨意]]。[15]在{{le|日本武士|samurai}}時代，{{le|切腹自殺|seppuku}}象徵對失敗{{le|負責|making up}}或表達抗議。[16]印度習俗「 {{le|薩提|sati}}」，即丈夫過世後， {{le|寡婦|India widow}}出於自願或迫於家庭和社會壓力在其 {{le|火葬儀式|funeral fire}}中跟著自焚 {{le|殉葬|kill herself}}，後來在[[英屬印度|英國統治期間]]遭到禁止。[17]現在大部分西方國家已不再將自殺和自殺未遂視為非法。[18] 但自殺在許多國家仍屬於犯罪行為。[19]在20和21世紀，自殺已成為特殊情況下的抗議形式， {{le|敢死隊|kamikaze}}和 {{le|自殺炸彈|suicide bombings}}則用來作為軍事戰略或恐怖攻擊。[20]自殺一詞源於拉丁語suicidium，意為「將自己殺死」。[21]
+
+ *1. Stedman's medical dictionary (28th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2006. ISBN 978-0-7817-3390-8.
+ *2. Hawton K, van Heeringen K (April 2009). "Suicide". Lancet 373 (9672): 1372–81. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60372-X. PMID 19376453.
+ *3. "Suicide Fact sheet N°398". WHO. August 2015. Retrieved 3 March 2016.
+ *4. Bottino, SM; Bottino, CM; Regina, CG; Correia, AV; Ribeiro, WS (March 2015). "Cyberbullying and adolescent mental health: systematic review.". Cadernos de saude publica 31 (3): 463–75. doi:10.1590/0102-311x00036114. PMID 25859714.
+ *5. Sakinofsky, I (June 2007). "The current evidence base for the clinical care of suicidal patients: strengths and weaknesses". Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 52 (6 Suppl 1): 7S–20S. PMID 17824349.
+ *6. Yip, PS; Caine, E; Yousuf, S; Chang, SS; Wu, KC; Chen, YY (Jun 23, 2012). "Means restriction for suicide prevention". Lancet 379 (9834): 2393–9. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60521-2. PMID 22726520.
+ *7. Ajdacic-Gross V, Weiss MG, Ring M, et al. (September 2008). "Methods of suicide: international suicide patterns derived from the WHO mortality database". Bull. World Health Organ. 86 (9): 726–32. doi:10.2471/BLT.07.043489. PMC 2649482. PMID 18797649.
+ *8. GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators (17 December 2014). "Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.". Lancet 385: 117–71. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2. PMC 4340604. PMID 25530442.
+ *9. Värnik, P (March 2012). "Suicide in the world". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 9 (3): 760–71. doi:10.3390/ijerph9030760. PMC 3367275. PMID 22690161.
+ *10. Meier, Marshall B. Clinard, Robert F. (2008). Sociology of deviant behavior (14th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. p. 169. ISBN 978-0-495-81167-1.
+ *11. Bertolote JM, Fleischmann A (October 2002). "Suicide and psychiatric diagnosis: a worldwide perspective". World Psychiatry 1 (3): 181–5. PMC 1489848. PMID 16946849.
+ *12. Chang, B; Gitlin, D; Patel, R (September 2011). "The depressed patient and suicidal patient in the emergency department: evidence-based management and treatment strategies". Emergency medicine practice 13 (9): 1–23; quiz 23–4. PMID 22164363.
+ *13. Tomer, Adrian (2013). Existential and Spiritual Issues in Death Attitudes. Psychology Press. p. 282. ISBN 9781136676901.
+ *14. Ritzer, edited by George; Stepnisky, Jeffrey (2011). The Wiley-Blackwell companion to major social theorists. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 65. ISBN 9781444396607.
+ *15. God, Religion, Science, Nature, Culture, and Morality. Archway Publishing. 2014. p. 254. ISBN 9781480811249.
+ *16. Colt, George Howe (1992). The enigma of suicide (1st Touchstone ed. ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 139. ISBN 9780671760717.
+ *17. "Indian woman commits sati suicide". Bbc.co.uk. 2002-08-07. Retrieved 2010-08-26.
+ *18. White, Tony (2010). Working with suicidal individuals : a guide to providing understanding, assessment and support. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-84905-115-6.
+ *19. Lester, D (2006). "Suicide and islam". Archives of suicide research : official journal of the International Academy for Suicide Research 10 (1): 77–97. doi:10.1080/13811110500318489. PMID 16287698.
+ *20. Aggarwal, N (2009). "Rethinking suicide bombing". Crisis 30 (2): 94–7. doi:10.1027/0227-5910.30.2.94. PMID 19525169.
+ *21. Issues in Law & Medicine, Volume 3. National Legal Center for the Medically Dependent & Disabled, Incorporated, and the Horatio R. Storer Foundation, Incorporated. 1987. p. 39.
+ 2016/3/12 整合到中文維基百科
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