醫週譯：Esophageal cancer/食道癌
編輯歷史
| 時間 | 作者 | 版本 |
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| 2017-07-17 16:47 – 16:47 | r0 – r1 | |
顯示 diff+ 醫週譯：Esophageal cancer/食道癌
+ Esophageal cancer (or oesophageal cancer) iscancer of the esophagus.[1] Symptom often includetrouble swallowing and weight loss.[2] Other symptoms may include pain with swallowing, a hoarse voice, enlarged lymph nodes around the clavicle, a dry cough, and possibly coughing up blood or vomiting blood.[2]
+
+ '''食道癌'''指的是發生在[[食道]]的[[癌症]]。常見的症狀包括吞嚥困難與體重減輕，其他症狀還有{{link-en|吞嚥疼痛|Dysphagia}}、{{link-en|沙啞|Hoarseness}}、{{link-en|鎖骨|Clavicle}}週邊[[淋巴結]]腫大、乾咳、以及[[咳血]]或[[嘔血|吐血]]。
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+ *[1]<ref name="WCR 2014">{{cite book |author=World Health Organization |title= World Cancer Report 2014 |year= 2014 |chapter=5.3 |isbn= 9283204298}} </ref>
+ *[2]<ref name="Ferri">{{cite book |author=Ferri, Fred |title= Ferrisri's Clinical Advisor 2013 5 books in 1 |year=2012 |edition= 1st ed. |publisher=Elsevier Mosby. |pages=pp. 389-391 |ISBN=9780323083737}}</ref>
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+ There are two main subtypes of esophageal cancer,squamous cell cancer which is more common in thedeveloping world and adenocarcinoma which is more common in the developed world.[1] There are also a number of less common types.[1] The most common causes of the squamous variety is: smoking tobacco, drinking alcohol, drinking hot drinks, and a poor diet.[3]The most common cause of the adenocarcinoma variety is smoking tobacco, obesity andgastroesophageal reflux disease.[3] Often the changes of Barrett esophagus is present before adenocarcinoma begins.[1] Squamous cell cancer arises from the skin cells that line the esophagus.[4]Adenocarcinoma arises from glandular cells present in the lower third of the esophagus.[1][5]
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+ <!-- 成因 -->
+ 有兩大類食道癌較為常見：[[鱗狀細胞癌]]主要盛行於[[開發中國家]]；而[[腺癌]]則在[[已開發國家]]較為常見，其他的類型則比較少有。鱗狀細胞癌主要因為[[吸菸]]、飲[[酒]]、熱飲、以及飲食品質不佳引起；腺癌則主要由吸菸、[[肥胖症|肥胖]]、和[[胃食管反流病|胃食道逆流]]所引起。在腺癌發生前，經常可以先看到[[巴雷斯特食道症]]。鱗狀細胞癌主要來自食道內沿的皮膚細胞，而腺癌則來自食道下三分之一段上皮組織中的腺體細胞。
+
+ *[1]<ref name="WCR 2014" />
+ *[3]<ref name="Regional">{{cite journal en |last=Zhang |first=HZ |authorlink= |coauthors=Jin, GF; Shen, HB |year=2012 |month=Jun |title=Epidemiologic differences in esophageal cancer between Asian and Western populations. |journal=Chinese journal of cancer |volume=31 |issue=6 |pages=281-6 |pmid= 22507220|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3777490/ }}</ref>
+ *[4]<ref name="GI onco">{{cite book |author=Kelsen, David |title= Gastrointestinal oncology : principles and practices |url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=5ULRpwtyxxMC&pg=PA4 |edition=2nd ed. |year=2007 |month= |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. |location=Philadelphia, Pa. |language=English |isbn=9780781776172 |pages=pp.4 }}</ref>
+ *[5]<ref name="Cancer epi">{{cite book |author=Whittemore |editor=David Schottenfeld, Joseph F. Fraumeni, Jr., associate editors, Graham A. Colditz, Jonathan M. Samet, Alice S. |title= Cancer epidemiology and prevention |url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=qfN8Y1_lbDYC&pg=PA697 |edition=3rd ed. |year=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press. |location=Oxford |language=English |isbn=9780199747979 |pages=pp.697 }}</ref>
+ *
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+ The disease is diagnosed by biopsy done via an endoscope (a fiberoptic camera).[6] Prevention includes stopping smoking and a healthy diet.[1][2] Treatment is based on the cancer's stage, its location, the person's health and their preferences.[6] Small localized squamous cancers may be treated with surgery alone with the hope of a cure.[6] In most other cases chemotherapy with or without radiation therapy is used along with surgery.[6] Larger tumors may have their growth slowed with chemotherapy and radiation therapy.[1] In those with extensive disease and in many of those who are not healthy enough for surgery palliative care or supportive care is recommended.[6] Outcomes depends on the extent of the disease and other medical problems, but is generally fairly poor as diagnosis is often late.[7][1] Five year survival rates are around 13%.[2]
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+ <!-- 診斷與治療 -->
+ 食道癌的診斷需使用[[內視鏡]]（一種使用[[光導纖維|光纖]]攝影機進行的檢驗)做[[活體組織切片|切片檢查]]）[6]。預防食道癌的方式則包括戒菸與[[均衡飲食|健康飲食]][1][2]。食道癌的治療依[[癌症#病程分期|分期]]、位置、病人整體身心狀況、以及日常生活功能而定[6]。小而未擴散的鱗狀上皮癌常可藉[[外科手術|手術]]{{link-en|治癒|Curative_care}}[6]，但大多數的狀況都需要在手術外搭配[[化學療法]]與[[放射線療法|放射療法]][6]，化學療法與放射療法可減緩體積較大的腫瘤生長速度[1]。已經[[遠端轉移|轉移]]的食道癌或是身體狀況不適合手術的患者則建議接受[[安寧緩和醫療|安寧醫護]][6]。治療的成效受疾病本身的狀況與病人的其他疾病影響，但由於食道癌大多在晚期才被診斷[1][7]，因此普遍[[預後]]不佳[8]（五年存活率平均為13%[2]）。
+
+ *[1]<ref name="WCR 2014" />
+ *[2]<ref name="Ferri"/>
+ *[6]<ref name="ESMO2013">{{cite journal en |last= Stahl |first= M |coauthor=Mariette, C; Haustermans, K; Cervantes, A; Arnold, D; ESMO Guidelines Working, Group |title=Oesophageal cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up |year=2013 |month=Oct | journal=Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology / ESMO |volume=24 |issue=Suppl 6 |page=vi51-6 |pmid=24078662 }}</ref>
+ *[7] <ref name="NEJM">{{cite journal en |author=Enzinger PC, Mayer RJ |title=Esophageal cancer |year=2013 |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=349 |issue=23 |page=2241-52 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra035010 |pmid=14657432 }}</ref>
+ *[8]<ref name="Enzinger">Enzinger PC, Mayer RJ. Esophageal cancer. ''[[N Engl J Med]]'' 2003;349:2241-52. PMID 14657432.</ref> 這個參考來源英文審定版沒有，但原本中文條目有，便合併處理。
+ *在英文的supportive care以及pallilative care其實都是指向同樣的「安寧醫護」條目
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+
+ As of 2012 esophageal cancer is the eighth most common cancer globally with 456,000 new cases.[1] It caused about 400,000 deaths that year up from 345,000 in 1990.[8][1] Rates vary widely between countries with about half of all cases occurring in China.[1] It is around three time more common in men than women.[1]
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+ <!-- 流行病學 -->
+ 食道癌在2012年的全球癌症發生率中排行第八（45.6萬個新診斷患者）[1]，平均每年造成40萬人死亡（死亡數正在上升中：在1990年時只造成34.5萬人死亡）[9][1]，食道癌的發生率在各國間有巨大差異，全球有一半的病人都集中在[[中國]][1]，。食道癌好發於男性，相對於女性而言，男性的得病風險大約是三倍[1]。
+
+ *[1]<ref name="WCR 2014" />
+ *[9]<ref name="Lancet">{{cite journal en |author=Lozano, R; Naghavi, M; Foreman, K; Lim, S; Shibuya, K; Aboyans, V; Abraham, J; Adair, T et al. |title=Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 |journal=Lancet |date=Dec 15, 2012 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0 |pmid=23245604 |volume=380 |issue=9859 |page=2095-128 }}</ref>
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