利什曼疾病Leishmaniasis
Leishmaniasis or leishmaniosis is a diseasecaused by protozoan parasites of the genusLeishmania and spread by the bite of certain types of sandflies.[1] The disease can present in three main ways as: cutaneous, mucocutaneous, or visceral leishmaniasis.[1] The cutaneous form presents with skin ulcers, while the mucocutaneous form presents with ulcers of the skin, mouth, and nose, and the visceral form starts with skin ulcers and then later presents with fever, low red blood cells, and enlarged spleen and liver.[1][2]
'''利什曼疾病'''（{{lang|en|Leishmaniasis}}）是一種由[[寄生]][[原生動物]][[利什曼原蟲]]造成的疾病，是由特定種類的{{le|白蛉|sandflies}}叮咬所散播[1]。這種疾病主要分為三種：皮膚、黏膜及內臟的利什曼疾病[1]。皮膚利什曼疾病會有皮膚上的[[潰瘍]]、黏膜利什曼疾病會有皮膚、鼻子上的潰瘍、內臟利什曼疾病一開始會是皮膚上的潰瘍，後來會有[[發燒]]、[[紅血球]]數量減少，以及[[脾臟]]和[[肝臟]]的腫大。
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Infections in humans are caused by more than 20 species of Leishmania.[1] Risk factors include: poverty, malnutrition, deforestation, and urbanization.[1] All three types can be diagnosed by seeing the parasites under the microscope.[1] Additionally, visceral disease can be diagnosed by blood tests.[2]
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會傳染沙利曼疾病給人類的白蛉超過20種[1]。沙利曼疾病的危險因子有[[貧窮]]丶[[營養不良]]丶[[森林開伐]]及[[都市化]][1]。三種利什曼疾病都可以在顯微鏡下觀察病原蟲來診斷，內臟利什曼疾病也可以用[[血液檢查]]來診斷[[2]]。
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Leishmaniasis can be partly prevented by sleeping under nets treated with insecticide.[1]Other measures include spraying insecticides to kill sandflies and treating people with the disease early to prevent further spread.[1] The treatment needed is determined by where the disease is acquired, the species of Leishmania, and the type of infection.[1] Some possible medications used for visceral disease include: liposomal amphotericin B,[3] a combination ofpentavalent antimonials and paromomycin,[3] and miltefosine.[4] For cutaneous disease, paromomycin, fluconazole, or pentamidine may be effective.[5]
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若睡在塗有[[殺蟲劑]]的蚊帳內，可以降低沙利曼疾病發生的可能性[1]。其他的方式包括噴灑殺蟲劑消滅白蛉，以及及早治療沙利曼疾病的病患，避免進一步的感染[1]。治療方式和罹患此疾病時所在的地區、沙利曼疾病的種類以及感染的方式有關[1]。可治療內臟利什曼疾病的藥物有：[[兩性黴素B]][3]、{{le|五價銻|Pentavalent antimonial}}及[[巴龍黴素]]一起使用[3]、以及{{le|米替福新|Miltefosine}}。若是皮膚利什曼疾病，可以用巴龍黴素、[[氟康唑]]或{{le|噴他脒|Pentamidine}}治療[5]。
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About 12 million people are currently infected[6] in some 98 countries.[2] About 2 million new cases[2] and between 20 and 50 thousand deaths occur each year.[1][7] About 200 million people in Asia, Africa, South and Central America, and southern Europe live in areas where the disease is common.[2][8] The World Health Organization has obtained discounts on some medications to treat the disease.[2] The disease may occur in a number of other animals, including dogs and rodents.[1]
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目前世界上有98個國家有利什曼疾病[2]，感染人數約有1200萬人[6]。每年約有二百萬個新的病例[2]，每年死亡人數在二萬至五萬人之間[1][7]。在亞洲、非洲、中南美洲及南歐約有二億人住在容易罹患利什曼疾病的地區[2][8]。[[世界衛生組織]]可以用優惠價取得一些可治療此疾病的藥物[2]。利什曼疾病也會出現在其他動物上，包括狗和鼠[1]。