子癇/Eclampsia
中文版：https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%90%E7%99%87
Eclampsia is the onset of seizures (convulsions) in a woman with preeclampsia.[1] Preeclampsia is a disorder of pregnancy in which there is high blood pressure and either large amounts of protein in the urine or other organ dysfunction.[2][3] Onset may be before, during, after delivery.The seizures are of the tonic–clonic type and typically last about a minute. Following the seizure there is typically either a period of confusion or coma. Complications include: aspiration pneumonia, cerebral hemorrhage, kidney failure, and cardiac arrest. Preeclampsia and eclampsia are part of a larger group of conditions known as hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.[1]
'''子癇'''（{{lang|en|Eclampsia}}，來自希臘文「放射出」的意思）是指孕婦因為[[妊娠毒血症]]而產生的{{le|癲癇發作|Epileptic seizure|癲癇}}症狀[1]。妊娠毒血症是在妊娠期間的疾病，其症狀為[[高血壓]]、[[蛋白尿]]或其他器官功能的異常[2][3]。子癇可能會在分娩前、分娩中或分娩後發生。子癇的癲癇是屬於[[強直－陣攣性發作]]，約會持續一分鐘。在癲癇後可能會處於{{le|癲癇發作后狀態|Postictal state}}或是[[昏迷]]。併發症有{{le|吸入性肺炎|Aspiration pneumonia}}、{{le|腦出血|Cerebral hemorrhage}}、[[腎功能衰竭]]或是[[心搏停止]]。妊娠毒血症及子癇都可歸類為{{le|妊娠高血壓|Hypertensive disease of pregnancy}}[1]。
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Recommendations for prevention include: aspirin in those at high risk, calcium supplementation in areas with low intake, and treatment of prior hypertension with medications.[4][5] Exercise during pregnancy may also be useful.[1] The use of intravenous or intramuscular magnesium sulfate improves outcomes in those with eclampsia and is generally safe.[6][7] This is true in both the developed and developing world.[6] Breathing may need to be supported. Other treatments may include blood pressure medications such as hydralazine and emergency delivery of the baby either vaginally or by cesarean section.[1]
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建議的預防方式如下：高風險者服用[[阿斯匹靈]]，若鈣質攝取量不足，使用[[鈣質補充劑]]，針對早期的高血壓給予藥物治療[4][5]。在懷孕期間運動也會有幫助[1]。若有子癇症狀，肌肉注射或靜脈注射[[硫酸鎂]]可改善症狀，一般來說也是安全的[6][7]，在[[已開發國家]]及[[開發中國家]]都適用[6]。可能也需要設備來輔助呼吸，其他的治療包括高血壓藥物[[肼屈嗪]]以及用陰道分娩或是剖宮產方式緊急將胎兒生下。
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Preeclampsia is estimated to affect about 5% of deliveries while eclampsia affects about 1.4% of deliveries.[8] In the developed world rates are about 1 in 2000 deliveries due to improved medical care.[1] Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are one of the most common causes of death in pregnancy.[9] They resulted in 29,000 deaths in 2013 – down from 37,000 deaths in 1990.[10] Around one percent of women with eclampsia die.[1] The word eclampsia is from the Greek term for lightning. The first known description of the condition was by Hippocrates in the 5th century BCE.[11]
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產婦中約有5%會得到妊娠毒血症，而子癇的產婦中約佔1.4%[8]。已開發國家因為醫療的改善，每2000名產婦約有1名會得到子癇。妊娠高血壓是懷孕期最常見的死因之一[9]。2013年因妊娠高血壓死亡的人數為二萬九千人，較1990年的三萬七千人要少[10]。約有1%的女性因為子癇而死亡[1]。子癇的英文「eclampsia」源自希臘文中的「閃電」（{{lang|el|ἐκλαμψία}}），第一個有關子癇症狀的描述是在西元前五世紀的[[希波克拉底]][11]。
2016/3/9 已整合到中文維基條目中
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