茲卡熱手作坊

最後編輯：2016-05-26 建立：2016-03-18 歷史紀錄

慈濟英美系翻譯教育合作慈濟英美系翻譯教育合作

黃瑞霖影片連結：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zika_virus_video_osmosis.webm

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There are a lot of viruses out there that
can infect humans, but two things that can
很多病毒會感染人類
但真正可怕的是
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get really alarming is when a virus spreads
quickly and when it causes serious harm. Zika
可以快速散播，殺傷力強的病毒
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virus has the potential to do both of these
things, which is why it’s gotten a lot of
茲卡病毒恰好就是這樣
因此特別受到關注。
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attention. Given this, it makes sense to understand
a bit about Zika virus and the disease it
我們就來介紹茲卡病毒的成因
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causes.
以及它所引發的病症。
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Zika virus is an arbovirus, meaning it’s
transmitted via certain arthropods, specifically
茲卡病毒是蟲媒病毒
由節肢動物傳染，
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mosquitos, so it’s a mosquito-borne virus.
Mosquito-borne doesn’t mean that the virus
尤其是蚊子。
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is “born” in the mosquito, though, but
it’s “borne”, with an ‘e’, which
病毒不是由蚊子產生
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means carried or transported. Sometimes we
call organisms like this “vectors”, where
而是由蚊子傳播，
所以蚊子稱為病媒動物。
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all they do is transport the virus. So with
Zika virus, just like other mosquito-borne
除了茲卡病毒以外，
蚊子傳播的病毒
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viruses like dengue fever, yellow fever, Japanese
encephalitis, and West Nile virus, the mosquito
還包括登革熱、黃熱病、日本腦炎
和西尼羅河病毒。
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acts as a vector that transmits the virus
from one person to the next. These viruses
蚊子四處傳播的這些病毒
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are all in the genus flavivirus.
都屬於黃病毒。
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In order to mature her offspring, female mosquitoes
need a blood-meal, which they get from unsuspecting
為了繁殖，雌蚊需從宿主身上
吸食大量血液補充體力。
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hosts. Mosquitoes find their blood-meals using
chemical compounds that we and other organisms
蚊子要找到宿主吸血
得靠宿主身上排出的化合物
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give off, like carbon dioxide, ammonia, lactic
acid, and octenol. So when a mosquito that
例如二氧化碳、氨、
乳酸，和辛烯醇。因此，
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also happens to be carrying the virus finds
her meal and digs in, the virus infects the
帶病毒的蚊子找到目標
叮咬後，病毒便由此感染
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human host and starts to multiply or reproduce
within the human. With most flaviviruses though,
並在人的體內繁殖。
多數的黃病毒
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the virus isn’t able to replicate enough
in the human host to actually be able to reinfect
在人體內繁殖速度不夠快
不會傳給另一只蚊子，
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another mosquito, and so the human is considered
a dead-end-host. However, the Zika virus,
所以人是病毒的最終宿主。
不過茲卡病毒
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along with yellow and dengue fever, is well
enough adapted to human hosts such that they
跟黃熱病和登革熱一樣
容易適應人的體質，
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can multiply to a point where it can re-infect
another unsuspecting mosquito, which can then
所以繁殖迅速，
足以傳給另一只蚊子
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go on to infect more people. This window lasts
for the first week of infection during which
再傳給其他的人。
關鍵的階段就在感染後第一週，
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the Zika virus can be found in the blood.
So if humans with the disease can transmit
這時候病毒就在患者血液裡
很容易再傳回給蚊子，
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back to mosquitoes then you can imagine that
areas where there’re a lot of mosquitoes,
可想而知蚊子多的地方
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would be a set-up for spreading the virus
super quickly, right?
就是病毒最容易傳播的地方。
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Now the Zika virus is transmitted via mosquitos
in the Aedes genus. These blood thirsty little
茲卡病毒是以黑斑蚊為媒介。
這些愛吸血的小東西
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guys can bite at night, but are mostly active
during the daytime. Aedes mosquitoes are also
夜裡會盯人，白天更活耀。
黑斑蚊除了傳染茲卡病毒，
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the same ones that transmit Chikungunya fever
and dengue fever. When Aedes aegypti or Aedes
也傳染基孔肯亞熱和登革熱。
能傳染病菌的黑斑蚊有兩種，
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albopictus, both species of Aedes mosquito,
lands on your skin and sticks in it’s long
就是白紋伊蚊或埃及斑蚊。
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nose—or proboscis, it pierces the epidermis
which is the topmost layer, composed almost
它們以長喙刺穿表皮吸血，
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entirely of keratinocytes. Keratinocytes basically
serve to protect against foreign pathogens,
表皮是角質細胞組成的，
可以抵擋病原體，
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and it’s typically pretty good at that.
That proboscis though keeps going into the
通常可以有效防止病菌侵入。
但蚊子的喙卻能穿入真皮層，
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dermis, since the epidermis just gets oxygen
from the air and doesn’t have its own blood
因為表皮沒有血管，
能從空氣中直接吸收氧氣，
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supply, whereas the dermis does, and this
is what our mosquito’s after, right, the
真皮才有血管，
這才是蚊子的下手的目標。
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blood meal. Since the proboscis goes through
both the epidermal and dermal layers, the
既然黑斑蚊的喙
能穿透表皮和真皮，
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cells in those layers are susceptible to infection
by Zika virus. So in addition to keratinocytes,
這兩層的細胞都易感茲卡病毒。
研究更發現除了角質細胞以外，
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fibroblasts, and dendritic cells have also
been found to be permissive to Zika virus,
成纖維細胞和樹狀細胞也
很容易感染上茲卡病毒，
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meaning they have some sort of receptor or
attachment site that basically says, here
因為這些細胞表層
都有某種受體或連結位置
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you go man, come on in.
可以讓病毒長驅直入。
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Now we still don’t know everything about
the Zika virus infection, but we do know that
目前我們對茲卡病毒
還不完全了解，但我們知道
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when it enters the cell, it injects a single-stranded
positive RNA strand. Positive means that this
它進入細胞時會注入
正單鏈RNA。正單鏈
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piece of RNA’s a lot like our own mRNA;
it’s basically ready to rock and get translated
和人體內的mRNA很相似
可以直接被轉為蛋白質
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into proteins. The virus’s genome is translated
by our own cellular machinery into more viruses.
病毒基因組透過
細胞機制轉為更多病毒
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Eventually those cells-turned-virus-making-factories
die, which actually ends up releasing more
最終受感染的細胞會凋亡
排放出更多病毒
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viruses to infect more cells.
去感染其他細胞
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As bleak as all that sounds, our immune system’s
actually pretty good at fighting off Zika
雖然聽起來很脆弱，事實上
免疫系統很善於對抗茲卡病毒
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virus, and only 1 in 5 get sick from infection,
and the often the others won’t even notice
感染者只有五分之一會發病
其餘的甚至不會感覺異狀
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they’ve been infected. Common symptoms when
patients have them, are mild fever and skin
一般症狀
只是輕度發熱和起皮疹
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rash, but some also experience muscle and
joint pain, headaches, and conjunctivitis,
有些人會感到肌肉和關節痠痛
或是頭痛、結膜炎、或紅眼
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or red eyes. The incubation period, or time
from infection to symptoms isn’t known,
目前，還不知道從感染
到症狀出現的時間有多長
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but it’s thought to be from a few days to
a week.
但估計潛伏期為數天
到一個禮拜之間
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Treatment usually just involves treating the
symptoms, things like getting plenty of rest,
治療方法以紓解症狀為主
例如多休息
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drinking fluids to prevent dehydration, and
taking medicine like acetaminophen to help
多喝水避免脫水
以及服用乙酰氨酚等藥物
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reduce pain and fever.
幫助減低疼痛和退燒
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Okay so we’ve hit the “spreads quickly”
part, which really matters most in places
以上說的是茲卡病毒傳播迅速
這在蚊子多的地方，特別重要
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with lots of mosquitoes, but what about the
“causes serious harm” part? Well, although
現在要來解釋
它的強大殺傷力了
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it causes mild symptoms in adults, there’s
more to the story. In October 2015, in areas
一般成人感染後症狀雖不嚴重
但問題不只於此。2015年10月
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of Brazil where Zika virus has been circulated
quite a bit, public health officials noticed
病毒在巴西廣泛傳染
公共衛生官員注意到
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a significant increase in babies born with
microcephaly, which is when a child is born
嬰兒小腦症的病例明顯增加
也就是：嬰兒出生時頭部特別小
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with an abnormally small head and therefore
abnormally small brain size; this has the
因此影響到腦部大小
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tendency to cause serious neurological and
intellectual deficits, seizures, as well as
這會導致神經和智能上的缺陷
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vision or hearing problems. It was noticed
that there was a huge increase in babies with
癲癇、以及視覺或聽覺的障礙
巴西茲卡病毒蔓延地區
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microcephaly—up to a 20-fold increase—among
嬰兒小腦症的病例
增加了二十倍
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As of November 2015, the European Center for
Disease Control has stated that it’s plausible
2015年11月
歐洲疾病預防控制中心已經聲明
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the Zika virus is able to cause microcephaly
in the developing fetus or newborn, as the
茲卡病毒可能造成
胎兒或新生兒罹患小腦症
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Zika virus can be transmitted from mother
to baby during pregnancy or around the time
因為病毒會經由母親
在懷孕期或生產時傳染給胎兒
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of birth, although it’s not yet known how
often this happens or how exactly the Zika
只是現在還不能確定
傳染的發生機率
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virus is linked to microcephaly.
以及病毒和小腦症的直接關聯
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In addition to being spread mostly by mosquito
bites, and in some cases from mother to child,
除了透過蚊蟲叮咬
以及經由母體傳給胎兒之外
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Zika virus has also been reported to spread
through both blood transfusions and sexual
也有報導說茲卡病毒
能藉由血液和性接觸傳染
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contact.
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Currently, there’s no vaccine for Zika virus,
so it’s highly advised to take precautions
目前還沒有疫苗能對抗茲卡
所以強烈建議大眾提高警覺
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when traveling to areas of outbreak, mostly
limiting mosquito bites, so doing things like
到病情嚴重地區旅遊
盡可能避免被蚊子叮咬
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wearing bug spray all day, or wearing long-sleeve
shirts and pants, especially during the day
全天都要噴抹防蚊液
或穿長袖衣褲
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when the Aedes mosquitoes are most active.
If infected, it’s especially important to
尤其是在黑斑蚊活躍的時候
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avoid mosquitoes to avoid spreading Zika virus
to others, especially in that first week of
萬一被感染，更要避開蚊子
以免再將病毒傳染給他人
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symptoms. The World Health Organization currently
suggests pregnant women consult their doctor
特別是出現症狀的第一週
世衛組織也建議懷孕婦女
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or travel clinic for guidance
and recommendations.
諮詢醫師，聽取建議。