茲卡熱手作坊

編輯歷史

時間	作者	版本
2017-07-12 04:36 – 05:15	(unknown)	r0 – r2
顯示 diff + 茲卡熱手作坊 + 影片連結：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zika_virus_video_osmosis.webm + 1 + 00:00:01,839 --> 00:00:09,219 + There are a lot of viruses out there that + can infect humans, but two things that can + 很多病毒會感染人類 + 但真正可怕的是 + 2 + 00:00:09,219 --> 00:00:14,610 + get really alarming is when a virus spreads + quickly and when it causes serious harm. Zika + 可以快速散播，殺傷力強的病毒 + 3 + 00:00:14,610 --> 00:00:18,280 + virus has the potential to do both of these + things, which is why it’s gotten a lot of + 茲卡病毒恰好就是這樣 + 因此特別受到關注。 + 4 + 00:00:18,280 --> 00:00:23,020 + attention. Given this, it makes sense to understand + a bit about Zika virus and the disease it + 我們就來介紹茲卡病毒的成因 + 5 + 00:00:23,020 --> 00:00:24,930 + causes. + 以及它所引發的病症。 + 6 + 00:00:24,930 --> 00:00:30,490 + Zika virus is an arbovirus, meaning it’s + transmitted via certain arthropods, specifically + 茲卡病毒是蟲媒病毒 + 由節肢動物傳染， + 7 + 00:00:30,490 --> 00:00:35,000 + mosquitos, so it’s a mosquito-borne virus. + Mosquito-borne doesn’t mean that the virus + 尤其是蚊子。 + 8 + 00:00:35,000 --> 00:00:39,760 + is “born” in the mosquito, though, but + it’s “borne”, with an ‘e’, which + 病毒不是由蚊子產生 + 9 + 00:00:39,760 --> 00:00:45,110 + means carried or transported. Sometimes we + call organisms like this “vectors”, where + 而是由蚊子傳播， + 所以蚊子稱為病媒動物。 + 10 + 00:00:45,110 --> 00:00:49,629 + all they do is transport the virus. So with + Zika virus, just like other mosquito-borne + 除了茲卡病毒以外， + 蚊子傳播的病毒 + 11 + 00:00:49,629 --> 00:00:55,510 + viruses like dengue fever, yellow fever, Japanese + encephalitis, and West Nile virus, the mosquito + 還包括登革熱、黃熱病、日本腦炎 + 和西尼羅河病毒。 + 12 + 00:00:55,510 --> 00:01:00,219 + acts as a vector that transmits the virus + from one person to the next. These viruses + 蚊子四處傳播的這些病毒 + 13 + 00:01:00,219 --> 00:01:03,500 + are all in the genus flavivirus. + 都屬於黃病毒。 + 14 + 00:01:03,500 --> 00:01:10,020 + In order to mature her offspring, female mosquitoes + need a blood-meal, which they get from unsuspecting + 為了繁殖，雌蚊需從宿主身上 + 吸食大量血液補充體力。 + 15 + 00:01:10,020 --> 00:01:13,969 + hosts. Mosquitoes find their blood-meals using + chemical compounds that we and other organisms + 蚊子要找到宿主吸血 + 得靠宿主身上排出的化合物 + 16 + 00:01:13,969 --> 00:01:20,039 + give off, like carbon dioxide, ammonia, lactic + acid, and octenol. So when a mosquito that + 例如二氧化碳、氨、 + 乳酸，和辛烯醇。因此， + 17 + 00:01:20,039 --> 00:01:25,189 + also happens to be carrying the virus finds + her meal and digs in, the virus infects the + 帶病毒的蚊子找到目標 + 叮咬後，病毒便由此感染 + 18 + 00:01:25,189 --> 00:01:31,219 + human host and starts to multiply or reproduce + within the human. With most flaviviruses though, + 並在人的體內繁殖。 + 多數的黃病毒 + 19 + 00:01:31,219 --> 00:01:35,569 + the virus isn’t able to replicate enough + in the human host to actually be able to reinfect + 在人體內繁殖速度不夠快 + 不會傳給另一只蚊子， + 20 + 00:01:35,569 --> 00:01:42,889 + another mosquito, and so the human is considered + a dead-end-host. However, the Zika virus, + 所以人是病毒的最終宿主。 + 不過茲卡病毒 + 21 + 00:01:42,889 --> 00:01:47,859 + along with yellow and dengue fever, is well + enough adapted to human hosts such that they + 跟黃熱病和登革熱一樣 + 容易適應人的體質， + 22 + 00:01:47,859 --> 00:01:53,079 + can multiply to a point where it can re-infect + another unsuspecting mosquito, which can then + 所以繁殖迅速， + 足以傳給另一只蚊子 + 23 + 00:01:53,079 --> 00:01:58,569 + go on to infect more people. This window lasts + for the first week of infection during which + 再傳給其他的人。 + 關鍵的階段就在感染後第一週， + 24 + 00:01:58,569 --> 00:02:02,609 + the Zika virus can be found in the blood. + So if humans with the disease can transmit + 這時候病毒就在患者血液裡 + 很容易再傳回給蚊子， + 25 + 00:02:02,609 --> 00:02:06,819 + back to mosquitoes then you can imagine that + areas where there’re a lot of mosquitoes, + 可想而知蚊子多的地方 + 00:02:06,819 --> 00:02:10,679 + would be a set-up for spreading the virus + super quickly, right? + 就是病毒最容易傳播的地方。 + 27 + 00:02:10,679 --> 00:02:16,129 + Now the Zika virus is transmitted via mosquitos + in the Aedes genus. These blood thirsty little + 茲卡病毒是以黑斑蚊為媒介。 + 這些愛吸血的小東西 + 28 + 00:02:16,129 --> 00:02:22,159 + guys can bite at night, but are mostly active + during the daytime. Aedes mosquitoes are also + 夜裡會盯人，白天更活耀。 + 黑斑蚊除了傳染茲卡病毒， + 29 + 00:02:22,159 --> 00:02:29,500 + the same ones that transmit Chikungunya fever + and dengue fever. When Aedes aegypti or Aedes + 也傳染基孔肯亞熱和登革熱。 + 能傳染病菌的黑斑蚊有兩種， + 30 + 00:02:29,500 --> 00:02:35,150 + albopictus, both species of Aedes mosquito, + lands on your skin and sticks in it’s long + 就是白紋伊蚊或埃及斑蚊。 + 31 + 00:02:35,150 --> 00:02:39,680 + nose—or proboscis, it pierces the epidermis + which is the topmost layer, composed almost + 它們以長喙刺穿表皮吸血， + 32 + 00:02:39,680 --> 00:02:45,489 + entirely of keratinocytes. Keratinocytes basically + serve to protect against foreign pathogens, + 表皮是角質細胞組成的， + 可以抵擋病原體， + 33 + 00:02:45,489 --> 00:02:49,980 + and it’s typically pretty good at that. + That proboscis though keeps going into the + 通常可以有效防止病菌侵入。 + 但蚊子的喙卻能穿入真皮層， + 34 + 00:02:49,980 --> 00:02:54,400 + dermis, since the epidermis just gets oxygen + from the air and doesn’t have its own blood + 因為表皮沒有血管， + 能從空氣中直接吸收氧氣， + 35 + 00:02:54,400 --> 00:02:58,819 + supply, whereas the dermis does, and this + is what our mosquito’s after, right, the + 真皮才有血管， + 這才是蚊子的下手的目標。 + 36 + 00:02:58,819 --> 00:03:04,249 + blood meal. Since the proboscis goes through + both the epidermal and dermal layers, the + 既然黑斑蚊的喙 + 能穿透表皮和真皮， + 37 + 00:03:04,249 --> 00:03:10,200 + cells in those layers are susceptible to infection + by Zika virus. So in addition to keratinocytes, + 這兩層的細胞都易感茲卡病毒。 + 研究更發現除了角質細胞以外， + 38 + 00:03:10,200 --> 00:03:15,140 + fibroblasts, and dendritic cells have also + been found to be permissive to Zika virus, + 成纖維細胞和樹狀細胞也 + 很容易感染上茲卡病毒， + 39 + 00:03:15,140 --> 00:03:19,170 + meaning they have some sort of receptor or + attachment site that basically says, here + 因為這些細胞表層 + 都有某種受體或連結位置 + 40 + 00:03:19,170 --> 00:03:22,239 + you go man, come on in. + 可以讓病毒長驅直入。 + 41 + 00:03:22,239 --> 00:03:26, + Now we still don’t know everything about + the Zika virus infection, but we do know that + 目前我們對茲卡病毒 + 還不完全了解，但我們知道 + 42 + 00:03:26,340 --> 00:03:32,040 + when it enters the cell, it injects a single-stranded + positive RNA strand. Positive means that this + 它進入細胞時會注入 + 正單鏈RNA。正單鏈 + 43 + 00:03:32,040 --> 00:03:36,989 + piece of RNA’s a lot like our own mRNA; + it’s basically ready to rock and get translated + 和人體內的mRNA很相似 + 可以直接被轉為蛋白質 + 44 + 00:03:36,989 --> 00:03:43,969 + into proteins. The virus’s genome is translated + by our own cellular machinery into more viruses. + 病毒基因組透過 + 細胞機制轉為更多病毒 + 45 + 00:03:43,969 --> 00:03:49,069 + Eventually those cells-turned-virus-making-factories + die, which actually ends up releasing more + 最終受感染的細胞會凋亡 + 排放出更多病毒 + 46 + 00:03:49,069 --> 00:03:52,930 + viruses to infect more cells. + 去感染其他細胞 + 47 + 00:03:52,930 --> 00:03:56,870 + As bleak as all that sounds, our immune system’s + actually pretty good at fighting off Zika + 雖然聽起來很脆弱，事實上 + 免疫系統很善於對抗茲卡病毒 + 48 + 00:03:56,870 --> 00:04:02,279 + virus, and only 1 in 5 get sick from infection, + and the often the others won’t even notice + 感染者只有五分之一會發病 + 其餘的甚至不會感覺異狀 + 49 + 00:04:02,279 --> 00:04:07,879 + they’ve been infected. Common symptoms when + patients have them, are mild fever and skin + 一般症狀 + 只是輕度發熱和起皮疹 + 50 + 00:04:07,879 --> 00:04:12,749 + rash, but some also experience muscle and + joint pain, headaches, and conjunctivitis, + 有些人會感到肌肉和關節痠痛 + 或是頭痛、結膜炎、或紅眼 + 51 + 00:04:12,749 --> 00:04:18,940 + or red eyes. The incubation period, or time + from infection to symptoms isn’t known, + 目前，還不知道從感染 + 到症狀出現的時間有多長 + 52 + 00:04:18,940 --> 00:04:23,180 + but it’s thought to be from a few days to + a week. + 但估計潛伏期為數天 + 到一個禮拜之間 + 53 + 00:04:23,180 --> 00:04:27,080 + Treatment usually just involves treating the + symptoms, things like getting plenty of rest, + 治療方法以紓解症狀為主 + 例如多休息 + 54 + 00:04:27,080 --> 00:04:31,870 + drinking fluids to prevent dehydration, and + taking medicine like acetaminophen to help + 多喝水避免脫水 + 以及服用乙酰氨酚等藥物 + 55 + 00:04:31,870 --> 00:04:34,550 + reduce pain and fever. + 幫助減低疼痛和退燒 + 56 + 00:04:34,550 --> 00:04:38,270 + Okay so we’ve hit the “spreads quickly” + part, which really matters most in places + 以上說的是茲卡病毒傳播迅速 + 這在蚊子多的地方，特別重要 + 57 + 00:04:38,270 --> 00:04:43,580 + with lots of mosquitoes, but what about the + “causes serious harm” part? Well, although + 現在要來解釋 + 它的強大殺傷力了 + 58 + 00:04:43,580 --> 00:04:49,090 + it causes mild symptoms in adults, there’s + more to the story. In October 2015, in areas + 一般成人感染後症狀雖不嚴重 + 但問題不只於此。2015年10月 + 59 + 00:04:49,090 --> 00:04:53,750 + of Brazil where Zika virus has been circulated + quite a bit, public health officials noticed + 病毒在巴西廣泛傳染 + 公共衛生官員注意到 + 00:04:53,750 --> 00:04:58,710 + a significant increase in babies born with + microcephaly, which is when a child is born + 嬰兒小腦症的病例明顯增加 + 也就是：嬰兒出生時頭部特別小 + 61 + 00:04:58,710 --> 00:05:04,090 + with an abnormally small head and therefore + abnormally small brain size; this has the + 因此影響到腦部大小 + 62 + 00:05:04,090 --> 00:05:09,270 + tendency to cause serious neurological and + intellectual deficits, seizures, as well as + 這會導致神經和智能上的缺陷 + 63 + 00:05:09,270 --> 00:05:14,020 + vision or hearing problems. It was noticed + that there was a huge increase in babies with + 癲癇、以及視覺或聽覺的障礙 + 巴西茲卡病毒蔓延地區 + 64 + 00:05:14,020 --> 00:05:20,590 + microcephaly—up to a 20-fold increase—among + 嬰兒小腦症的病例 + 增加了二十倍 + 65 + 00:05:20,590 --> 00:05:25,560 + As of November 2015, the European Center for + Disease Control has stated that it’s plausible + 2015年11月 + 歐洲疾病預防控制中心已經聲明 + 66 + 00:05:25,560 --> 00:05:31,060 + the Zika virus is able to cause microcephaly + in the developing fetus or newborn, as the + 茲卡病毒可能造成 + 胎兒或新生兒罹患小腦症 + 67 + 00:05:31,060 --> 00:05:35,080 + Zika virus can be transmitted from mother + to baby during pregnancy or around the time + 因為病毒會經由母親 + 在懷孕期或生產時傳染給胎兒 + 68 + 00:05:35,080 --> 00:05:40,620 + of birth, although it’s not yet known how + often this happens or how exactly the Zika + 只是現在還不能確定 + 傳染的發生機率 + 69 + 00:05:40,620 --> 00:05:42,620 + virus is linked to microcephaly. + 以及病毒和小腦症的直接關聯 + 70 + 00:05:42,620 --> 00:05:49,620 + In addition to being spread mostly by mosquito + bites, and in some cases from mother to child, + 除了透過蚊蟲叮咬 + 以及經由母體傳給胎兒之外 + 71 + 00:05:49,620 --> 00:05:54,560 + Zika virus has also been reported to spread + through both blood transfusions and sexual + 也有報導說茲卡病毒 + 能藉由血液和性接觸傳染 + 72 + 00:05:54,560 --> 00:05:55,479 + contact. + 73 + 00:05:55,479 --> 00:06:00,940 + Currently, there’s no vaccine for Zika virus, + so it’s highly advised to take precautions + 目前還沒有疫苗能對抗茲卡 + 所以強烈建議大眾提高警覺 + 74 + 00:06:00,940 --> 00:06:06,370 + when traveling to areas of outbreak, mostly + limiting mosquito bites, so doing things like + 到病情嚴重地區旅遊 + 盡可能避免被蚊子叮咬 + 75 + 00:06:06,370 --> 00:06:10,960 + wearing bug spray all day, or wearing long-sleeve + shirts and pants, especially during the day + 全天都要噴抹防蚊液 + 或穿長袖衣褲 + 76 + 00:06:10,960 --> 00:06:15,580 + when the Aedes mosquitoes are most active. + If infected, it’s especially important to + 尤其是在黑斑蚊活躍的時候 + 77 + 00:06:15,580 --> 00:06:20,650 + avoid mosquitoes to avoid spreading Zika virus + to others, especially in that first week of + 萬一被感染，更要避開蚊子 + 以免再將病毒傳染給他人 + 78 + 00:06:20,650 --> 00:06:25,819 + symptoms. The World Health Organization currently + suggests pregnant women consult their doctor + 特別是出現症狀的第一週 + 世衛組織也建議懷孕婦女 + 79 + 00:06:25,819 --> 00:06:33,629 + or travel clinic for guidance + and recommendations. + *諮詢醫師，聽取建議。