普通感冒Common cold
- Common cold, also known simply as a cold, is a viral infectious disease(感染) of the upper respiratory tract(呼吸道) that primarily affects the nose.[2][3]Signs and symptoms may begin less than two days following exposure.[2]They include coughing(咳嗽), sore throat(咽喉痛), runny nose, sneezing(噴嚏), headache, and fever(发热).[4][5] People usually recover in seven to ten days.[4] Some symptoms may last up to three weeks.[6] In those with other health problems pneumonia(肺炎) may occasionally develop.[4]
'''普通感冒'''，經常直接叫做'''感冒'''，是一種主要影響鼻子的[[呼吸道]][[感染]]。<ref name=CMAJ2014/><ref name=CE11>{{cite journal | author = Arroll B | title = Common cold | journal = Clinical evidence | volume = 2011 | issue = 3 | page = 1510 | date = March 2011 | pmid = 21406124 | doi = | pmc = 3275147 }} {{open access}}</ref>
一般於接觸後兩天會出現 <ref name=CMAJ2014>{{cite journal|last1=Allan|first1=GM|last2=Arroll|first2=B|title=Prevention and treatment of the common cold: making sense of the evidence.|journal=CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association |date=18 February 2014|volume=186|issue=3|pages=190-9|pmid=24468694}}</ref>[[咳嗽]]、[[咽喉痛]]、{{tsl|en|rhinorrhea|鼻涕}}、[[噴嚏]]、頭疼、[[發熱]]等病徵。 <ref name=CDC2015/><ref name=Eccles2005>{{cite journal | author = Eccles R | title = Understanding the symptoms of the common cold and influenza | journal = Lancet Infect Dis | volume = 5 | issue = 11 | pages = 718–25 | date = November 2005 | pmid = 16253889 | doi = 10.1016/S1473-3099(05)70270-X }}</ref>患者一般於七至十天內恢復，<ref name=CDC2015/>但部分病徵可持續長達幾周。<ref name=Heik2003>{{cite journal | author = Heikkinen T, Järvinen A | title = The common cold | journal = Lancet | volume = 361 | issue = 9351 | pages = 51–9 | date = January 2003 | pmid = 12517470 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12162-9 }}</ref>有其他健康問題者患感冒時或會併發[[肺炎]]。 <ref name=CDC2015/>
- Well over 200 virus strains are implicated in the cause of the common cold; the rhinoviruses(鼻病毒) are the most common.[7] They spread through the air, by close contact, and by being picking up the virus from the environment and transferred to the mouth or nose.[4] Risk factors include going to daycare and not sleeping well.[2] Symptoms are mostly due to the body's immune(免疫) response to the infection rather than to tissue destruction by the viruses themselves.[8] People with influenza(流行性感冒) are usually more sick.[2]
普通感冒可由200多種病毒毒株引起，其中[[鼻病毒]]是最常見的一類。 <ref name=CDC2015Full>{{cite web|title=Common Cold and Runny Nose|url=http://www.cdc.gov/getsmart/community/for-patients/common-illnesses/colds.html|website=CDC|accessdate=4 February 2016|format=April 17, 2015}}</ref>
這類病毒可以通過空氣在與受感染者親密接觸時傳染，也可能透過接觸受汙染的物體後進入口鼻染病。
危險因子有前往{{tsl|en|daycare|托兒所}} 、睡眠不良、心理压力等。
感冒病徵多由身體[[免疫]]反應導致，和病毒本身則關係不大。
患[[流行性感冒]]者雖然症狀與患感冒者類似，但相比來說一般更重；並且流感相對較少造成鼻涕。
- There is no vaccine. The primary method of prevention is hand washing, not touching the eyes, nose or mouth with unwashed hands, and staying away from sick people.[4] Some evidence supports the use of face masks.[9] No cure for the common cold exists, but the symptoms can be treated.[4]Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs(非甾体抗炎药) (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen(布洛芬) may help with pain.[10] Antibiotics(抗细菌药) should not be used.[11] Evidence does not support a benefit from cough medicines(止咳藥).[2]
沒有適用於普通感冒的疫苗。感冒主要通過{{tsl|en|hand washing|洗手}}，不用髒手觸碰眼、鼻、口，遠離患者預防。
有一些證據支持使用口罩。
普通感冒雖無解藥，但可使用藥物控制病徵。
[[布洛芬]]等[[非甾体抗炎药]]可緩解疼痛；
不應使用[[抗生素]]；
現有證據不能證明[[止咳藥]]有益。[rough-translation]
- The common cold is the most frequent disease in humans.[12] The average adult getting two to four colds a year while the average child may get six to eight.[13] They occur more commonly during the winter.[4] These infections have been with humanity since ancient times.[14]
普通感冒是人類最常患的疾病。
成人平均每年會患二到四次感冒，小兒則可達六到八次。
普通感冒在冬季最為常見。
感冒歷史悠久，遠古時期就有人患感冒了。[rough-translation]