醫週譯: Alzheimer's disease/阿茲海默氏症

上官良治Wikipedia:WikiProject_Medicine/Translation_task_force_AD/RTT/Simple

AARON K<!-- Definition and symptoms -->

Alzheimer's disease (AD), also known as Alzheimer disease, is the cause of 60% to 70% of cases of dementia.[1][2]It is a chronic disease that usually starts slowly and gets worse over time.[2] The most common early symptom is difficulty in remembering recent events.[1] As the disease advances, symptoms can include: trouble with language, easily getting lost, mood swings, loss of motivation, trouble taking care of themselves, and issues with behavior.[2][1] As a person's condition declines they often withdraw from family and society.[1]Gradually, bodily functions are lost, ultimately leading to death.[3] Although the speed of progression can vary, the average life expectancy following diagnosis is three to nine years.[4]

 

上官良治<!-- 定義與症狀 -->

REKE W'''阿茲海默'''({{lang-la|Morbus Alzheimer}},{{lang-de|Alzheimer-Krankheit}},[[縮寫]]:{{lang|de|AK}},{{lang-en|Alzheimer's disease}},[[縮寫]]:{{lang|en|AD}})或稱'''腦退化症''。舊稱為{{lang-en|Senile Dementia of the Alzheimer Type}}[[縮寫]]{{lang|en|SDAT}}阿爾茨海默病老人失智症;俗稱老年痴呆症(但醫界不建議使用此名稱[註 1])。阿茲海默氏症佔了[[失智症]]中六到七成的成因[1][2],是一種發病進程緩慢、隨著時間不斷惡化的持續性[[神經]]功能障礙[2]。最常見的早期症狀,是難以記住最近發生的事情[1]。隨著疾病的發展,症狀可能會包含:[[譫妄]]、易怒、具攻擊性、無法正常言語、容易迷路、{{link-en|mood swing|情緒不穩定}}、喪失[[動機|生存動力]]、喪失[[長期記憶]]、難以自理和行為異常等[2][1][原5][原9]。當患者的狀況變差時,往往會因此脫離家庭和社會關係[1][原5][原9],並逐漸喪失身體機能,最終導致死亡[3][原10]。雖然疾病的進程因人而異,很難預測患者的[[預後]],但一般而言,確定診斷後的平均餘命是三到九年[4],確診之後存活超過十四年的病患少於3%[原12]

 

TRISTA T網站中文暫放(需被整合;被整合完即上刪除線;有可能需要移到其他段落):

阿茲海默症拉丁語:Morbus Alzheimer,德語:Alzheimer-Krankheit,縮寫:AK,英語:Alzheimer's disease,縮寫:AD)或稱腦退化症(舊譯為阿爾茨海默病老人失智症,俗稱老年痴呆症,醫界不建議使用此名稱[原註 1]英語:Senile Dementia of the Alzheimer Type,簡稱SDAT),是一種持續性神經功能障礙,也是失智症中最普遍的成因。

,疾病初期最常見的症狀是難以記住最近發生的事[原6]

    Trista Tu剩下未整合的這句,跟此部分譯文,看起來都怪怪的..
    Trista Tu暫時把「舊稱」通通拉到另一段去了...
    上官良治目前我看起來挺好的
    Trista Tu耶嘿 <3

隨著疾病進展,症狀將會包括譫妄、易怒、具攻擊性、情緒起伏不定、喪失長期記憶等,當病患功能下降時,會從家庭和社會的社交關係中退出[原5][原9],隨著身體功能逐漸喪失,最終導致病患死亡[原10]。因為疾病在每個病患均不相同,因此很難預測患者的預後。阿茲海默症的發展時間無法預測,時間長短也非常多變,並且可能經年未被發現直到疾病顯而易見,平均而言,阿茲海默症確診之後的存活期約有七年[原11],確診之後存活超過十四年的病患少於3%[原12]

 

    Reke Wang[[Reference
    Aaron Kosatern1. Burns, A; Iliffe, S (5 February 2009). "Alzheimer's disease.". BMJ (Clinical research ed.) 338: b158. PMID 19196745.
    上官良治<ref name=BMJ2009>{{cite journal|last1=Burns|first1=A|last2=Iliffe|first2=S|title=Alzheimer's disease.|journal=BMJ (Clinical research ed.)|date=5 February 2009|volume=338|pages=b158|pmid=19196745}}</ref>
    Aaron Kosatern2. "Dementia Fact sheet N°362". who.int. April 2012. Retrieved28 November 2014.
    上官良治<ref name=WHO2014>{{cite web|title=Dementia Fact sheet N°362|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs362/en/|website=who.int|accessdate=28 November 2014|date=April 2012}}</ref>
    Aaron Kosatern3. About Alzheimer's Disease: Symptoms". National Institute on Aging. Retrieved28 December 2011.
    上官良治<ref name="nihstages">{{cite web|title=About Alzheimer's Disease: Symptoms|url=http://www.nia.nih.gov/alzheimers/topics/symptoms|publisher=National Institute on Aging|accessdate=28 December 2011}}</ref>
    Aaron Kosatern4. Querfurth, HW; LaFerla, FM (28 January 2010). "Alzheimer's disease.". The New England journal of medicine 362 (4): 329–44. PMID 20107219.
    上官良治<ref name=NEJM2010>{{cite journal|last1=Querfurth|first1=HW|last2=LaFerla|first2=FM|title=Alzheimer's disease.|journal=The New England journal of medicine|date=28 January 2010|volume=362|issue=4|pages=329-44|pmid=20107219}}</ref>
    Trista TuIt is a chronic disease that usually starts slowly :感覺是疾病進展緩慢的意思?
    上官良治注1
    上官良治{{備註|1=在香港,「老年癡呆症」已經改名為「認知障礙症」。鑑於「老年癡呆症」的歧視成分及標籤效應,有礙及早求診,由十個醫學及服務團體(包括香港認知障礙症協會在內)組成的專家聯盟於2012年進行了公眾諮詢。結果顯示市民與專業團體均普遍認同「認知障礙症」更能中立、準確地反映疾病的症狀(記憶與其他認知功能問題)、不局限於成因(退化與非退化性)、較易明白且不含歧視意味。}}
    上官良治原5
    上官良治<ref name="pmid17222085">{{cite journal |language=en |author=Waldemar G |title=Recommendations for the diagnosis and management of Alzheimer's disease and other disorders associated with dementia: EFNS guideline |journal=Eur J eurol |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=e1–e26 |year=2007 |month=January |pmid=17222085 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-1331.2006.01605.x |author-separator=, |author2=Dubois B |author3=Emre M |display-authors=3 |last4=Georges |first4=J. |last5=McKeith |first5=I. G. |last6=Rossor |first6=M. |last7=Scheltens |first7=P. |last8=Tariska |first8=P. |last9=Winblad |first9=B.|accessdate=2012-11-28}}</ref>
    上官良治原9
    上官良治<ref name="pmid17823840">{{cite journal |language=en |author=Tabert MH, Liu X, Doty RL, Serby M, Zamora D, Pelton GH, arder K, Albers MW, Stern Y, Devanand DP |title=A 10-item smell identification cale related to risk for Alzheimer's disease |journal=Ann. Neurol. |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=155–160 |year=2005 |pmid=15984022 |doi=10.1002/ana.20533 |accessdate=2012-11-28}}</ref>
    上官良治原10
    上官良治<ref name="nihstages">{{cite web |title=About AlzheimeDeveloping a greater intelligence, exercise, and avoiding obesity may decrease the risk of AD.r's Disease: Symptoms |url=http://www.nia.nih.gov/alzheimers/topics/symptoms |publisher=National Institute on Aging |accessdate=2012-11-28}}</ref>
    上官良治原12
    上官良治<ref name="pmid7793228">{{cite journal |language=en |author=Mölsä PK, Marttila RJ, Rinne UK |title=Long-term survival and predictors of mortality in Alzheimer's disease and multi-infarct dementia |journal=ActaNeurol Scand |volume=91 |issue=3 |pages=159–64 |year=1995 |month=March |doi= |pmid=7793228 |accessdate=2012-11-28}}</ref>

 

AARON K<!-- Cause, diagnosis and prevention -->

The cause of Alzheimer's disease is poorly understood.[1] About 70% of the risk is believed to be genetic with many genes usually involved.[5] Other risk factors include: a history of head injuries, depression or hypertension.[1] The disease process is associated with plaques and tangles in the brain.[5] A probable diagnosis is based on the history of the illness and cognitive testing with medical imaging and blood work used to rule out other possible causes.[6] Initial symptoms are often mistaken for normal aging.[1] It is not unusual for it to take three to six years before the diagnosis is made.[7] Examination of brain tissue is needed for a definite diagnosis.[5] Developing a greater intelligence, exercise, and avoiding obesity may decrease the risk of AD.[5] There are no medications or supplements with evidence to support their use.[8] It is classified as a neurodegenerative disorder.[1]

 

<!-- 成因、診斷與預防 -->

阿茲海默氏症的真正成因至今仍然不明[1]。目前將阿茲海默氏症視為一種[[神經退行性疾病|神經退化的疾病]][1],並認為有將近七成的危險因子與[[遺傳]]相關[5];其他的相關危險因子有:[[頭部外傷]]、[[憂鬱症]]或[[高血壓]]的病史[1]。疾病的進程與[[大腦]]中{{link-en|Senile plaques|纖維狀類澱粉蛋白質斑塊沉積}}和[[濤蛋白]]({{Lang-en|Tau protein}}[18])相關[5]。要確切地診斷阿茲海默氏症,需要根據病人病史行為評估、{{link-en|Cognitive tests|認知測驗}}的結果、腦部[[醫學影像|影像]]檢查和血液採檢,亦可能接著做[[神經成像|神經影像檢查]]輔助診斷[原7][原8],以排除其他類似的認知障礙[6]。初期症狀常被誤認為是正常的老化狀況[1]或是[[壓力]]的一種表現[原5][原6],因而常耗時三到六年才確診[7]。在無法排除其他可治癒原因時,有極少情況下,腦部切片可能對確診有幫助[5]。進行{{link-en|高層次的思考活動|Cognitive_reserve}}、[[運動]]、避免[[肥胖症|肥胖]]等,都有助於減少罹患阿茲海默氏症的風險[5][原16][原17]。目前並沒有特定藥物或營養補充品,有實證證明對疾病治療有效[8]。

 

 

TRISTA T網站中文暫放(需被整合;被整合完即上刪除線;有可能需要移到其他段落):

雖然阿茲海默症在每個病患都不相同,仍有許多共同的症狀[原4]。早期症狀常被誤認為是「年紀大了」的憂慮,或是壓力的一種表現[原5][原6]當懷疑為阿茲海默症時,通常藉由行為評估以及認知測試來確認診斷,可能的話接著會做神經影像檢查輔助診斷[原7][原8]

    Trista Tu按照英文條目,腦部「醫學影像」跟「神經成像|神經影像檢查」不同,所以先整合進譯文中,若相同再做修改。
    鼎淵 藍兩個名稱的確不等義(例如醫學影像也包括胸部X光...等其他東西,不只有神經影像),但在此兩者意思指的應該是一樣的,就是指腦部影像檢查

 

    Aaron KosaternReference
    Aaron Kosatern5. Ballard, C; Gauthier, S; Corbett, A; Brayne, C; Aarsland, D; Jones, E (19 March 2011). "Alzheimer's disease.". Lancet 377 (9770): 1019–31.PMID 21371747.
    上官良治<ref name=Lancet2011>{{cite journal|last1=Ballard|first1=C|last2=Gauthier|first2=S|last3=Corbett|first3=A|last4=Brayne|first4=C|last5=Aarsland|first5=D|last6=Jones|first6=E|title=Alzheimer's disease.|journal=Lancet|date=19 March 2011|volume=377|issue=9770|pages=1019-31|pmid=21371747}}</ref>
    Aaron Kosatern6. "Dementia diagnosis and assessment". pathways.nice.org.uk. Retrieved30 November 2014.
    上官良治<ref>{{cite web|title=Dementia diagnosis and assessment|url=http://pathways.nice.org.uk/pathways/dementia/dementia-diagnosis-and-assessment.pdf|website=pathways.nice.org.uk|accessdate=30 November 2014}}</ref>
    Aaron Kosatern7. Todd, S; Barr, S; Roberts, M; Passmore, AP (November 2013). "Survival in dementia and predictors of mortality: a review.". International journal of geriatric psychiatry 28 (11): 1109–24. PMID 23526458.
    上官良治<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Todd|first1=S|last2=Barr|first2=S|last3=Roberts|first3=M|last4=Passmore|first4=AP|title=Survival in dementia and predictors of mortality: a review.|journal=International journal of geriatric psychiatry|date=November 2013|volume=28|issue=11|pages=1109-24|pmid=23526458}}</ref>
    Aaron Kosatern8. "More research needed on ways to prevent Alzheimer's, panel finds" (PDF). National Institute on Aging. 29 August 2006. Retrieved 29 February 2008.
    上官良治<ref name="prevention1">{{cite web|title=More research needed on ways to prevent Alzheimer's, panel finds|url=http://www.nia.nih.gov/alzheimers/announcements/2010/06/more-research-needed-ways-prevent-alzheimers-panel-finds|format=PDF|publisher=National Institute on Aging|accessdate=29 February 2008|date=29 August 2006}}</ref>
    上官良治[18]<ref>{{cite journal | title = 阿茲海默症的成因及治療 | url = http://www.taiwan-pharma.org.tw/JTP/120/068-073.html | author=楊雨哲, 孫承洲 | volume = 30 | Number = 3 | issn=22206493 | date = 2014-09-30 | accessdate = 2015-01-23}}</ref>
    上官良治原6
    上官良治<ref name="早期症狀">{{cite journal | language=de |author =Klein C, Hagenah J, Landwehrmeyer B, Münte T, Klockgether T| title = Das präsymptomatische Stadium neurodegenerativer Erkrankungen | journal = Nervenarzt| volume = 82 | issue = 8 | pages = 994-1001| year = 2011| month=August | doi=10.1007/s00115-011-3258-y}}</ref>
    上官良治原7
    上官良治<ref name="神经成像">{{cite journal | language=de |author = Mänz C, Reimold M, Bender B, Bares R, Ernemann U, Horger M| title = Bildgebende Diagnostik der Alzheimer-Krankheit | journal = Fortschr Röntgenstr| volume = 184 | issue = 12 | pages = 1079-1082| year = 2012| month=December | doi=10.1055/s-0032-1319030}}</ref>
    上官良治原8
    上官良治<ref name="alzres">{{cite web |title=Alzheimer's diagnosis of AD |url=http://www.alzheimersresearchuk.org/diagnosis/ |publisher=Alzheimer's esearch Trust |accessdate=2012-11-28}}</ref>
    上官良治

 

AARON K<!-- Management -->

No treatments stop or reverse its progression, though some may temporarily improve symptoms.[2] Affected people increasingly relies on others for assistance. It may place a great burden on caregivers; the pressures can include social, psychological, physical, and economic elements.[9] Exercise programs are beneficial with respect to activities of daily living and potentially improve outcomes.[10] Treatment of behavioral problems or psychosis due to dementia with antipsychotics is common but not usually recommended due to there often being little benefit and an increased risks of death.[11][12]

 

上官良治<!-- 處置 -->

AARON K目前並沒有可以停止或逆轉病程的治療,只有少數可能可以暫時(緩解)改善症狀的方法[2]。截至2012年為止,已有超過1000個[[臨床試驗]]研究如何治療阿茲海默症,然而這些研究是否能找到有效的治療方法仍是未知數[原15]((有人提出[[腦力鍛鍊]]、運動和均衡飲食等方法可能可以幫助健康老人減緩認知症狀(並非減緩大腦的病理學變化)[原16],然而這些方法仍缺乏有力的證據支持其效果[原16]。)) 疾病會使患者會越來越需要{{link-en|Caring for people with dementia|他人的照護}},這對照護者是一大負擔;這樣的照護壓力涵括了社會層面、精神層面、生理層面和經濟因素[9]。不同的運動計畫,無論時間長度與每週運動頻率,都能改善病人的[[日常生活活動|居家生活]]表現功能,也對於改善預後有相當助益[10]由失智症狀引起(造成)的行為異常和[[思覺失調]],常以[[抗精神病藥]]治療,惟其效益不高且可能增加死亡率,因此並不特別建議使用[11][12]。

    上官良治雙刮號段 「有人提出...缺乏有力的證據支持其效果」 整合後怕太長,模糊焦點...建議不整合?
    上官良治參考過[10]之後, 以底線文字取代原段文字。
    上官良治贊成,而且這段跟上面的「進行{{link-en|高層次的思考活動|Cognitive_reserve}}、[[運動]]、避免[[肥胖症|肥胖]]等,都有助於減少罹患阿茲海默氏症的風險[」蠻類似的。

 

    Aaron KosaternReference
    Aaron Kosatern9. Thompson CA, Spilsbury K, Hall J, Birks Y, Barnes C, Adamson J. Systematic Review of Information and Support Interventions for Caregivers of People with Dementia. BMC Geriatrics. 2007;7:18. doi:10.1186/1471-2318-7-18. PMID 17662119.
    上官良治<ref name="pmid17662119">{{vcite journal | author = Thompson CA, Spilsbury K, Hall J, Birks Y, Barnes C, Adamson J | title = Systematic Review of Information and Support Interventions for Caregivers of People with Dementia | journal = BMC Geriatrics | volume = 7 | page = 18 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17662119 | pmc = 1951962 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2318-7-18 }}</ref>
    Aaron Kosatern10. Forbes, D.; Thiessen, E.J.; Blake, C.M.; Forbes, S.C.; Forbes, S. (4 December 2013). "Exercise programs for people with dementia.". The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 12: CD006489. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006489.pub3.PMID 24302466.
    上官良治<ref name=Forb2013>{{cite journal|last1=Forbes|first1=D.|last2=Thiessen|first2=E.J.|last3=Blake|first3=C.M.|last4=Forbes|first4=S.C.|last5=Forbes|first5=S.|title=Exercise programs for people with dementia.|journal=The Cochrane database of systematic reviews|date=4 December 2013|volume=12|pages=CD006489|pmid=24302466|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD006489.pub3}}</ref>
    Aaron Kosatern11. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. "Low-dose antipsychotics in people with dementia". nice.org.uk. Retrieved 29 November 2014.
    上官良治<ref>{{cite web|author1=National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence|title=Low-dose antipsychotics in people with dementia|url=https://www.nice.org.uk/advice/ktt7/resources/non-guidance-lowdose-antipsychotics-in-people-with-dementia-pdf|website=nice.org.uk|accessdate=29 November 2014}}</ref>
    Aaron Kosatern12. "Information for Healthcare Professionals: Conventional Antipsychotics". fda.gov. 2008-06-16. Retrieved 29 November 2014.
    上官良治<ref>{{cite web|title=Information for Healthcare Professionals: Conventional Antipsychotics|url=http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders/ucm124830.htm|website=fda.gov|accessdate=29 November 2014|date=2008-06-16}}</ref>
    上官良治原15. ^ Clinical Trials. Found 1012 studies with search of: alzheimer. US National Institutes of Health. [2012-11-29].
    上官良治<ref name="CT">{{cite web |url=http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?term=alzheimer |title=Clinical Trials. Found 1012 studies with search of: alzheimer |accessdate=2012-11-29 |publisher=US National Institutes of Health}}</ref>
    上官良治原16
    上官良治<ref name="改變生活方式">{{cite journal | language=de |author =Zieschang T, Hauer K, Schwenk M| title = Körperliches Training bei Menschen mit Demenz | journal = Dtsch med Wochenschr| volume = 137 | issue = 31/32 | pages = 1552-1555| year = 2012| month=August | doi=10.1055/s-0032-1305114}}</ref>

 

TRISTA T網站中文暫放(需被整合;被整合完即上刪除線;有可能需要移到其他段落):

目前仍不清楚阿茲海默症的成因及疾病進程,研究顯示阿茲海默症與大腦中的老年斑塊神經纖維糾結有關[原13][原14]

    上官良治與 <!-- 成因、診斷與預防 --> 章節內容重覆

目前的治療僅能幫助緩解疾病的症狀,並沒有能夠停止或是反轉阿茲海默症病程的治療方法。截至2012年為止,已有超過1000個臨床試驗研究如何治療阿茲海默症,然而這些研究是否能找到有效的治療方法仍是未知數[原15]。有人提出腦力鍛鍊、運動和均衡飲食等方法可能可以幫助健康老人減緩認知症狀(並非減緩大腦的病理學變化)[原16],然而這些方法仍缺乏有力的證據支持其效果[原16][原17]

    上官良治已全數整合至上方 但部分內容 建議不整合

 

AARON K<!-- Epidemiology, history, society and research-->

In 2010, there were between 21 and 35 million people worldwide with AD.[4][2] It most often begins in people over 65 years of age, although 4% to 5% of cases are early-onset Alzheimer's which begin before this.[13] It affects about 6% of people 65 years and older.[1] In 2010 dementia resulted in about 486,000 deaths.[14] It was first described by German psychiatrist and pathologist Alois Alzheimer in 1906 after who it was later named.[15] In developed countries, AD is one of the most financially costly diseases to society.[16][17]

 

上官良治<!-- 流行病學、歷史、社會與研究 -->

REKE W阿茲海默氏症最早於1906年,由德國精神病學家和病理學家[[愛羅斯·阿茲海默]]首次發現,因此而得名[15];主要分為家族性阿茲海默氏症與阿茲海默老年痴呆症兩種,其中又以後者較常見[24]阿茲海默氏症好發於65歲以上的老年人(約有6%發生率[1]),但有4%~5%的患者會在65歲之前就發病,屬於{{link-en|早發性阿茲海默氏症|early-onset Alzheimer's disease}}[13]。在2010年,全球有將近2100萬到3500萬名阿茲海默氏症患者[4][2];而歸因於阿茲海默氏症相關的死亡案例,大約有48.6萬例[14]。在已開發國家中,阿茲海默氏症是相當耗費社會財政補助的疾病之一[16][17]。

 

    Aaron Kosatern Reference
    Aaron Kosatern13. Mendez, MF (November 2012). "Early-onset Alzheimer's disease: nonamnestic subtypes and type 2 AD.". Archives of medical research 43 (8): 677–85.PMID 23178565.
    上官良治<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mendez|first1=MF|title=Early-onset Alzheimer's disease: nonamnestic subtypes and type 2 AD.|journal=Archives of medical research|date=November 2012|volume=43|issue=8|pages=677-85|pmid=23178565}}</ref>
    Aaron Kosatern14. Lozano, R; Naghavi, M; Foreman, Ktitle=Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. (15 December 2012). Lancet 380 (9859): 2095–128. PMID 23245604.
    上官良治<ref name=Loz2012>{{cite journal|last1=Lozano|first1=R|last2=Naghavi|first2=M|last3=Foreman|first3=Ktitle=Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.|journal=Lancet|date=15 December 2012|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2095-128|pmid=23245604}}</ref>
    Aaron Kosatern15. Berchtold NC, Cotman CW. Evolution in the Conceptualization of Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease: Greco-Roman Period to the 1960s. Neurobiology of Aging. 1998;19(3):173–89. doi:10.1016/S0197-4580(98)00052-9. PMID 9661992.
    上官良治<ref name="pmid9661992">{{vcite journal | author = Berchtold NC, Cotman CW | title = Evolution in the Conceptualization of Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease: Greco-Roman Period to the 1960s | journal = Neurobiology of Aging | volume = 19 | issue = 3 | pages = 173–89 | year = 1998 | pmid = 9661992 | doi = 10.1016/S0197-4580(98)00052-9 }}</ref>
    Aaron Kosatern16. Bonin-Guillaume S, Zekry D, Giacobini E, Gold G, Michel JP. Impact économique de la démence (English: The Economical Impact of Dementia). Presse Médicale. 2005;34(1):35–41. French. PMID 15685097.
    上官良治<ref name="pmid15685097">{{vcite journal | author = Bonin-Guillaume S, Zekry D, Giacobini E, Gold G, Michel JP | title = Impact économique de la démence (English: The Economical Impact of Dementia) | language = French | journal = Presse Médicale | volume = 34 | issue = 1 | pages = 35–41 | year = 2005 | pmid = 15685097 | issn = 0755-4982 | month = January }}</ref>
    Aaron Kosatern17. Meek PD, McKeithan K, Schumock GT. Economic Considerations in Alzheimer's Disease. Pharmacotherapy. 1998;18(2 Pt 2):68–73; discussion 79–82. PMID 9543467.
    上官良治<ref name="pmid9543467">{{vcite journal | author = Meek PD, McKeithan K, Schumock GT | title = Economic Considerations in Alzheimer's Disease | journal = Pharmacotherapy | volume = 18 | issue = 2 Pt 2 | pages = 68–73; discussion 79–82 | year = 1998 | pmid = 9543467 }}</ref>
    上官良治原24. ^ 24.0 24.1 24.2 阿茲海默症的簡介. 活力藥師網. 2007-05-31 [2012-12-06].
    上官良治<ref name="活力藥師網">{{cite web|title=阿茲海默症的簡介 |date=2007-05-31 |publisher=活力藥師網 |url=http://www.liverx.net/2007/05/31/%E9%98%BF%E8%8C%B2%E6%B5%B7%E9%BB%98%E7%97%87%E7%9A%84%E7%B0%A1%E4%BB%8B |accessdate=2012-12-06}}</ref>

 

 

TRISTA T網站中文暫放(需被整合;被整合完即上刪除線;有可能需要移到其他段落):

本病最早由德國精神科醫師及神經病理學家愛羅斯·阿茲海默在1906年描述記錄,之後並以他的名字命名[原1]。阿茲海默症好發於65歲以上的老人[原2],然而也有少見的早發性阿茲海默症病患會提早發病。在2006年,全世界約有兩千六百萬名阿茲海默症病患,到2050年時預估全球每85人就有一人罹患本病[原3]

    上官良治與上方內容重覆

由於阿茲海默症是無法治癒的退化性疾病,病患終需依賴其他人協助及照顧,主要的照護者通常是病患的伴侶或是親近的家屬[原18]。然而照護阿茲海默症病患會對照護者產生非常大的負擔,對照護者的人生各方面都造成壓力,包括其社交、精神、體能和經濟都會受到影響[原19][原20][原21]

    上官良治與<!-- 處置--> 章節內容重覆

已開發國家中,阿茲海默症是社會中花費最高的疾病之一[原22][原23]

阿茲海默症主要分為家族性阿茲海默症與阿茲海默老年痴呆症兩種,其中又以後者較常見[原24]

    上官良治與上方內容重覆
    上官良治

上官良治2015-02-02 已整合中文維基百科「阿茲海默症」的引言頁面

REKE W回到入口頁